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PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE 

Great Spanish-American War 

By United States Naval Photographer, E. H. Hart, 


A HISTORY OF THE WAR IN CUBA 

AND 

THE UNITED STATES CONFLICT WITH SPAIN 

-— 

By LIEUTENANT EDGAR JOHNSTON. 

— 

CONTAINS AN AUTHENTIC ACCOUNT OF OUR NAVY, 

WITH DETAILED INFORMATION CONCERNING THE TYPE, GRADE, COST, DISPLACEMENT, DIMENSIONS, WHEN COMMISSIONED, 
AND INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS; LEADING SPANISH MEN-O’-WAR; VIEWS OF HARBORS AND PLACES WHERE 
NAVAL ENGAGEMENTS HAVE TAKEN PLACE; STARTLING AND VIVID SCENES IN CUBA AND CUBAN FIELDS; 

GROUP PICTURES OF THE PRESIDENT’S CABINET, ARMY AND NAVY, OFFICERS AND EQUIPMENT. 

VIEWS OF THE ILL-FATED MAINE, 

With Crew at Drill, Inside Views and Scenes after Explosion. 


MAP IN COLORS, OF SPANISH POSSESSIONS IN EAST AND WEST INDIES. 

profusely Illustrated. 


J. L. NICHOLS & CO.. 

Atlanta, Ga. Naperville, Ills. Toronto, Ont. 










8042 


Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1898, 
By ROBT. O. LAW, 

In the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. 




PREFACE. 

'ItV 

T he war with Spain, so far resulting in the brilliant victory of Commodore Dewey in Manila Bay, has 
centered public interest upon the United States Navy. This great battle, which added another name 
to the list of naval heroes, and demonstrated the efficiency of American seamanship, was chiefly 
important as affording the first real test of the fighting qualities of modern warships, equipped w ith high 
power guns. 

The present volume contains the latest official photographs of our torpedo boats, torpedo boat destioyers, 
cruisers, battleships, gunboats, monitors, rams, dynamite cruisers, dispatch vessels, and other war craft, the 
whole embodying an authentic portrayal of the American navy as it exists today. A complete description of 
the construction, displacement, size, speed, batteries, armor, crew and cost of each boat will enable the reader 
to form an accurate estimate of our fighting strength. Included with these, are photographs of the leading 

Spanish mcn-o’-war, also fully described. _ . 

Perhaps the most interesting portions of the book are views of the Maine, taken before the disaster in 
Havana harbor, showing the life and discipline aboard a battleship, together with portraits of the officers and 
crew, supplemented by photographs taken after the explosion , depicting the divers at their work, and other 

incidents in connection with this sad but memorable event. 

The views of the cruisers Olympia, Baltimore, Boston and Raleigh and the gunboats Concord and Petrel 
will furnish a memento of the most brilliant naval engagement of modern times. Other valuable features 
arc portraits of the President of the United States, cabinet officials and the leading army and navy officers. 


Undoubtedly, one of the results of our war with Spain will be the completion of a navy that will com¬ 
mand the admiration of the world. While the national policy has always been a peaceful one, the govern¬ 
ment now recognizes the necessity of being always prepared for any exigency that may arise, while our 
oreign interests demand that European nations respect and recognize us as a power able to uphold its rights. 
1 ® a PP ro P natlon of “millions for defense” will be followed by the construction of other vessels equipped 
with the deadliest and most effective engines of destruction. It has been said that the Krupp gun is the 

forerunner of the “era of good-will.” A powerful defensive force means—“not the big wars that make 
ambition virtue, M but Peace. 



— vi 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 


PAGE. 


Admiral Dewey..... 

Admiral’s Cabin, Cruiser Chicago.. 

A Gala Day. 

Alger, Secretary of War. 

Amphitrite. 

Annapolis. 

Another View of the Maine Wreck. 

Apprentices. 

Apprentices on Board the Atlanta. 

Army Officers. 

Atlanta. 

Atlanta Saluting, with Yards Manned. 

At League Island Navy Yard. 

Bachelors’ Glee Club on the Maine. 

Baltimore. 

Bancroft. 

Battalion Drill. 

Battery Deck, Atlanta. 

Battleship Massachusetts. 

Bennington. 

Berth Deck, Cruiser Atlanta. 

Berth Deck Cooks. 

Berth Deck Cooks on the Maine. 

Biographies of Dewey, Lee, Sampson and 

Schley. 

Bliss, Secretary of the Interior. 

Board of Inquiry Into the Loss of the Maine. 

Boilers of the Maine. 

Boston. 

Bow View of the Terror. 

Breckenridge, Major-general. 

Breech-loading Rifle. 

Brooke, Major-general. 

Brooklyn. 

Brooklyn, Head On. 

Brooklyn in Dry Dock.. 

Cadets Studying, U. S. Training Ship. 

Captain and Officers of the Brooklyn. 

Captain and Officers of the Ignited States 

Battleship Maine. 

Captain A. S. Crowninshield. 

Captain B. H. McCalla and Officers. 


xliv 
180 
. xl 
.ii 
49 
9i 

19 

128 

I2Q 

ix 

77 

171 
176 
200 

40 

103 

194 

172 
210 

80 

173 
187 

30 


ii 

3 2 

160 

53 

J 57 

ix 

146 

ix 

55 

175 

108 

182 

116 

11 

21 

*55 


PAGE. 


Captain Charles Dwight Sigsbee. 15 

Captain Wm. T. Sampson. 6 

Captain Winfield Scott Schley. 4 

Captain’s Cabin of the Baltimore. 181 

Charleston. 7r 

Chadwick, Captain. x 

Chicago. 66 

Chief Petty Officers of the Maine. 13 

Chief Petty Officers of the New York. 193 

Cincinnati. 75 

City and Bay of Matanzas. 36 

Columbia... 57 

Concord. 5^ 

Coppinger, Major-general. ix 

Craig, Commander. x 

Cushing. 83 

Day, Secretary of State. ii 

Dewey, Rear Admiral. x 

Discharging Torpedo from the Deck Tube 

of the Stiletto. qS 

Divine Service on the L T nited States Battle¬ 
ship Texas. u® 

Dolphin. 85 

Dynamite Guns. 64 

Dynamite Guns Below Deck. 6s 

Eight-inch Gun Deck, New York . 168 

Eight-inch Rifle and Crew Aboard the Co¬ 
lumbia. 145 

Eight-inch Rifle Practice. i 44 

Engines of Cruiser New York. 204 

Ensign Powelson Taking Diver’s Report .. 17 

Ericsson. 61 

Evans, Commander. x 

Fencing Exercise. 184 

Fern. 87 

Field Practice. 211 

Fighting Crow’s Nest on Atlanta. 169 

Fired from the Bow Tube. 99 

Firemen and Coal Passers on the Maine... 31 

Fire-room of the Brooklyn. 161 

Fire-room of a United States Monitor. i 4 o 

Firing a Pivot Gun. 166 

— vii — 


PAGE. 

First Carrier Pigeon Used in Navy. 212 

Forecastle of the Protected Cruiser Boston. 132 

Fortress Cabanas from the Bay. 35 

Front View of Morro Castle. 34 

Gage, Secretary of the Treasury. 'ii 

Gatling Gun in Action. 163 

Gomez, General Maximo.xxiii 

Graham, Major-general. ix 

Griggs, Attorney-general. ii 

Gun Deck. I20 

Gun Deck of Old Man-of-war. 207 

Gun Deck of the Cruiser Chicago. 206 

Gun of Cruiser Boston. 2 oq 

Gunner’s Gang on the Maine. 26 

Gunners of the Massachusetts. i 4g 

Gunnery Practice on a Training Ship. 122 

Helena. 84 

Holland. IOI 

Hotchkiss Rapid-fire Gun. m 

Howell, Commodore. x 

Indiana. 45 

Infanta Isabel. 50 

Infanta Maria Teresa. 4 6 

In Hammocks. 208 

Interior of Turret. 133 

In the Hampton Roads. xxxviii 

Iowa. 43 

Iowa from Shore. i 79 

Iowa in Dry Dock. i 0 q 

Iowa in the Stocks. 178 

Junior Officers of the New York. 10 

Junior Officers of the Maine. 12 

Katahdin. 6 2 

Knotting and Splicing on U. S Training 
T Shi P V . '83 

Learning Signaling. t 186 

Lee, Major-general..' ix 

Long, Secretary of the Navy. ii 

Lower End of Havana Bay. 37 

Lowering a Gun Into the Turret of a Moni¬ 
tor. 114 


























































































































PAGE. 


Machias. 86 

Machine Shop of the New York. 141 

Maine.xxiv 

Maine Wreckage Amidships from Port 

Side. 16 

Major-general Fitzhugh Lee. 2 

Manning the Yards. 170 

Marblehead. 78 

Marine Guard of the Brooklyn. 150 

Marine Guard of the Columbia. 142 

Marine Guard of the Enterprise. 135 

Marine Guard of the Maine. 199 

Marines. 143 

Marines from the Battleship Maine Leav¬ 
ing Hampton Roads. 14 

Marines of the Brooklyn. 195 

Massachusetts. 53 

Master-at-Arms’ Mess on Board the Maine. 2s 

McKinley, President. ii 

McNair, Commodore. x 

M’Collum, Commander. x 

Merritt, Major-genei al. ix 

Merriam, Major-general. ix 

Miantonomah. 72 

Miles, Major-general. ix 

Minneapolis. 56 

Minnesota. 89 

Monadnock. 73 

Monitors and Receiving Ships, League Isl¬ 
and Navy Yard. 176 

Monterey. 69 

Montgomery. 76 

Morning Inspection. 139 

Muster. 112 

Nantucket. 79 

Naval Militia at Washington. 198 

Navarra. 48 

Navy Officers. x 

Newark. 82 

Newark. 68 

New Hampshire. 107 

New Orleans. 92 

New York. 42 

Norton, Rear Admiral. x 

Nueva Espana. 52 

Off Grant’s Tomb. 102 

Officers of the Atlanta. 127 

Officers of the Dolphin. 126 

Officers of the Flagship New York. 9 


PAGE. 


Officers of the Yorktown. 154 

Officers’ Quarters on the Maine. 24 

Olympia. 38 

Oregon. 51 

Otis, Major-general. ix 

Our Naval Strength. xli 

Paymaster’s State-room. 20 

Pendleton, Commander. . x 

Pensacola Saluting. no 

Petrel. 60 

Philadelphia. 67 

Pioneers. 29 

Pivot Gun Drill. 153 

Placing a Gun in the Turret of a Monitor.. 113 

Polishing the Brass Work. 191 

Porter. 82 

President and Cabinet. ii 

Propellers of the New York. 205 

Puritan. 47 

Quarter Deck of the Maine. 2or 

Quarters. 130 

Quarters. 131 

Quarters. 134 

Raleigh. 4 i 

Rally on the Flag. 123 

Rapid Fire Ammunition. 162 

Ready for Action, Deck of Atlanta. 167 

Ready to Lower. 115 

Reina Maria Christina. 39 

Revolver Practice Aboard the Maine. 125 

Richmond. 105 

Sampson, Captain. x 

San Francisco. 203 

San Francisco. 70 

Saratoga. 90 

Scene in Naval Review. i 74 

Schley, Captain. x 

Secretary Herbert Visiting the Maine. 22 

Sewell, Major-general. ix 

Shatter, Major-general. ix 

Ship’s Company. 136 

Ship's Company at Quarters. 138 

Ship’s Company of the New York. 192 

Ship’s Company on the Maine. 23 

Ship’s Company on the Protected Cruiser 

Baltimore. II9 

Sicard, Rear Admiral. x 

Signaling on the Boston. 156 

Sigsbee, Captain. x 


PAGE. 

Singing School on the New Hampshire .... 137 

Single-stick Exercise on the Maine. 28 

Six-inch Breech-loading Rifle on Upper 

Deck of Massachusetts. 152 

Six-inch Gun and Crew. i 4 8 

Smith, Postmaster-general. ii 

Spar Deck of the Protected Cruiser Chi¬ 
cago. 121 

Spinning a Yarn. 185 

.Squadron of Evolution.xxxvii 

Squadron LTnder Fire of Fifteen-inch Gun.. 177 

State-room. 138 

State-room on the Maine. 159 

Stiletto. 96 

Stiletto. 100 

Stiletto Discharging a Torpedo. 97 

St. Louis. 94 

St. Mary’s. 106 

St. Paul'. 95 

Storing Hammocks at Sea. 190 

Sword Practice on the Maine. 124 

Terror. 74 

Texas. 5 4 

The Maine Wreck. 18 

The Officers of the Chicago. u 7 

Torpedo Gun and Gunners. i 97 

Torpedo Gun on the Maine. 27 

Torpedo Tube. 196 

Twelve-inch Breech-loading Rifle. i 47 

United States Marine Corps. 

Vessels Leaving Hampton Roads.xxxix 

Vesuvius. 63 

View of Havana Harbor. 33 

Vizcaya. 44 

Wade, Major-general. ix 

Ward Room, Officers at Mess. 188 


Ward-room of the Cruiser Chicago. 

War in Cuba. 

War with Spain . 

Wheeler, Major-general. 

White Squadron at Anchor in H 

Roads. 

Wilde, Commander. 

Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture... 

Wreckers at Work. 

Yale.•. 

Yantic...... 

Yorktown.. 


. 189 

. xi 

.xxvi 

. ix 

ampton 

. x 

. xxx\i 

. ii 

.XXV 


93 

88 

81 


- viii - 













































































































































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THE WAR IN CUBA. 

JHE history of Cuba since its discovery by Christopher Columbus in 1492 is a heartrending record of oppression. From the 

neonll ni rt 6 S P aniards the ext ^ me cruelty and injustice was inaugurated that has characterized their treatment of the 
I l o Cuba ever since Lnder Hernando the government was so rigorous that it resulted not only in greatly impairing 
the prosperity of the island but in the total extinction of the Indian population in 1533. In 1534. and again in f 5 54. Havana waf 
estroyed by the French, but it was rebuilt and m 1584 the city was so strongly fortified as to make it exempt from attacks by 
sea In 1624 the Dutch captured the island, but only to surrender it again to Spain. For half a century following the prosperity 
of the island suffered from repeated incursions of filibusters. In 1762 Havana was taken by the English, but the year following 
it was surrendered to Spam m exchange for Florida. The commercial relations between Spain and Cuba grew stronger and more 
close and the island became the center of the slave trade for all Spanish South America, and remained so until 1845 when the 
importation of slaves was forbidden. Through all its history, up to 1829, Cuba was loyal to the Spanish crown, and poured 
with the utmost generosity and willingness, its wealth into the treasury of the mother country. As an evidence of this it mav be 
said that m July x8o8, when the French had deposed the royal family of Spain, the Cuban cabildo met at once and every 
member took a solemn oath to preserve the island from the deposed sovereign, and war without truce was declared against 
Hapoleon Two years later, when Mexico threw off the Spanish yoke, Cuba remained loyal to the mother country Upon the 
re-establishment of Spanish dominion over the island was inaugurated the form of government by governors or captains-eeneral 
appointed by the crown, which has been continued to the present time. Under this form of government the last remnants 
of political, civil and religious liberty have been gradually destroyed, until the last quarter-century the inhabitants of the inland 
have been excluded from all public office and from all the affairs of the island; taxes have been multiplied, and the people have 
been robbed and plundered to supply the Spanish treasury with funds for the maintenance of the home government its armv 
and navy. Under such conditions discontent was created and spread rapidly. In 1829 this discontent showed itself in the upris¬ 
ing known as the conspiracy of the “Black Eagle.” In 1844 there was an insurrection of the blacks. The first serious revolu¬ 
tionary attempt, however, was that of Narcisso Lopez in 1848, a year red with revolutions and revolutionary movements. In 
May, 1850, he landed in the island with 600 men from the United States. He captured the city of Cardenas, but failed to receive 
support and withdrew. Again, in August, 1851, he gathered a band of several hundred Kentuckians and made a descent upon 

— xi — 


the north coast. He was pursued by the Spaniards from place to place, his force dispersed and 700 taken prisoners. Then began 
that system of horrible cruelty which Spain has since persistently followed in the treatment of Cuban insurgents. Lopez, Crit¬ 
tenden and this great body of prisoners were all put to death by the garrote. . 

Concha was succeeded as captain-general by Canedo andPezuelas, but no change for the better took place in the administration 
of the unhappv island. In 1868 the Spanish revolution led to a rising of the friends of Cuban independence on the island and ten 
years’ insurrection was inaugurated. The leader of that movement was Carlos Manuel Cespedes, who took the field with a force 
composed of his own liberated slaves. He soon had an army of 12,000 men. The uprising took place at \ ara, m the district of 
Bayoma. October 10 of that year, in the city of Manzanillo, independence was declared and a provincial republic established. 
Cespedes was elected president, and among the members of the first congress was Tomas Estrada Palma, second president of t te 
provisional republic. Among the revolutionary leaders with Cespedes, besides Modesto Diaz and Ignacio Agramonte, were 
Maceo Maximo Gomez, Carlos Roloff and Serafin Sanchez. These last names will be recognized as those of the men now at the 
head of the actual revolutionary movement. 

The whole eastern end of the island rapidly came into possession of the new republic. October 18 Bayamo was captured. 
Ten days later Holguin joined the movement, and early in November a strong Spanish force from Santiago de Cuba was signally 
defeated. A number of the Spanish-American republics at once accorded the revolutionists belligerent rights. . For eight years 
Spain poured thousands of men and millions of money into the island in an unavailing attempt to crush out the insurrection^ In 
November, 1876, in a debate in the Spanish cortes on the affairs of Cuba, it was stated that 145,000 soldiers had been sent to Cuba, 
and of them not enough remained or had returned to make a single regiment. In that year Spain determined to make a last 
gigantic effort, and General Martinez Campos, the “Strong Man of Spain," was sent to Cuba with 36,000 fresh troops. \V hile doing 
enormous damage to Spain, the revolutionists had not been able during all this time, owing to the peculiar character of the 
warfare, to do more than hold their own. Both sides vvere weary of the struggle, and by tactful promises, holding out the hope 
of autonomy for Cuba, Campos succeeded in effecting the treaty of Zanjon, and thus, by diplomacy rather than by force of arms, 


put an end to the ten years’ revolution. _ ... 

During the year 1873 an incident occurred which nearly led to serious complications with Spain. The \ irgmius was a steamer 
owned by Americans which had been engaged by filibusters for the purpose of carrying men, arms and provisions to the Cuban 
insurgents. Many of the prominent leaders of the insurrection were on board, and'they carried with them two thousand 
Remington rifles, a large supply of ammunition, and a large stock of provisions. She had come within eighteen miles of the 
Cuban coast on October 31, 1873, when she was sighted six miles away by the Spanish cruiser Tornado, which immediately gave 


chase. The Virginius at once changed her course and headed for Jamaica, from which island she was then distant about one 
hundred miles. Despite the fact that she threw over a great portion of her cargo to lighten her load and draw away from the 
Spanish vessel, the latter gained on her rapidly, and she was brought up at last by a couple of shots fired through her ringing. 

The leaders of the revolutionists who were passengers on board the Virginius were General Oscar Varona, a Cuban officer of 
great courage and considerable military skill, and William A. C. Ryan, an ex-captain of the Union army, who had attached himself 
to the cause of the Cuban insurgents in 1869 and risen to the rank of inspector-general in that service. Ryan was by birth 
a Canadian, and at the time of the capture of the Virginius he was but thirty years old. 

When Varona realized that capture was inevitable, he suggested that the Spaniards be allowed to board the Virginius, and 
that, when they would be about to take possession, he would descend to the powder magazine and blow up the steamer and all on 
board. To the Americans on the vessel he declared that this would be a much better fate than to fall into the hands of the foe, in 
which case they would assuredly die a cruel death or perish slowly in Spanish prisons. Captain Fry, however, pointed to the 
Stars and Stripes, under which he was sailing, and, laying stress upon the fact that his papers were correct in every detail, assured 
those who were with him that there was no cause for serious uneasiness. Although prepared to face any danger, Ryan was not so 
sanguine, although he united with the commander of the Virginius in opposing the desperate intentions of Varona. 

Two boats crews were dispatched from the Tornado, and a Spanish officer, coming aboard the American steamer, ordered the 
Stars and Stripes to be run down from the masthead and the Spanish ensign substituted. Captain Fry presented his papers and 
challenged the officer to show any flaw in them. The latter acknowledged that they were correct in every particular, then pocketed 
them and ordered the steamer to be headed for Santiago de Cuba. This port was reached at 5 o’clock on the evening of 
November 1, and proceedings were at once begun against the whole Virginius party as pirates. The United States vice-consul at 
Santiago protested to no purpose; all were condemned to death, and on November 4 the first four of the party were taken out and 
shot. A naval court-martial was then organized to try Captain Fry and his crew. The trial was short, and the result was never 
in doubt. 

On November 7 the captain, the first mate and thirty-four seamen were shot, the execution being attended by acts of the most 
revolting inhumanity. It is stated that, as the men fell as a result of the awful fusillade, the commander of a company of Spanish 
cavalry, which was drawn up on the square, ordered his men to gallop over the prostrate bodies until the faces should be altogether 
unrecognizable. 

Upon receipt of the news of the capture of the Virginius, the government of the United States had immediately communicated 
with Madrid, requesting suspension of the action upon the part of the Spanish authorities in Cuba, and orders to this effect were 

— xiii — 


immediately cabled from the Spanish capital, Santiago de Cuba. These orders were totally disregarded by those in charge at 

Santiago and the executions continued. On November 8 eleven more of the so-called expeditionists were shot. 

The affair created the most intense indignation throughout the United States. Spam at first refused to entertain any proposals 
to pay an indemnity, and acted in the most utterly proud and haughty manner. The administration maintained its stand 
however, and at last Spain was forced to surrender and gave her promise to pay the indemnity asked for, and thus the affair was 

d S< The main concession for which the unconquered insurgents accepted peace was the promise of constitutional reform. As 
a matter of fact, there promptly followed four royal decrees as follows: June 9, 1878, entitling Cuba to elect deputies to the cortes 
one for each 40,000 people; June 9, dividing the island into the present six provinces; June 21, instituting a system of provincial 
and municipal government, followed on August 16 by the necessary electoral regulations. But the system was immediately seen 
to be the shadow without the substance of self-government. The provincial assembly, could nominate three candidates for 
presiding officer. It was the inevitable governor-general who had the power to appoint, not necessarily one of the three nominees, 
but any member of the assembly he chose. But all this-provincial machinery was in reality an empty form, since expressly by 
law the governor-general was given the power to prorogue the assemblies at will. The chief practical result of the long struggle 

was the wiping out of slavery in Cuba. . , , . 

The population of the island is about 2,000,000. Upon that population was fastened by Spam the enormous debt of $200,000,000. 
In addition to this crushing debt of $100 per capita was added a system of taxation inconceivable in its extent and oppiessiveness. 
However exaggerated any statement of the wrongs of the Cubans may seem, the difficulty really is not how to magnify but how to 
give an adequate conception of them. Everything that a Cuban had or did was subject to two taxes at least. 

Of the first class some examples may give an idea: The smallest retail stores were taxed $300, and for largei stoies the tax 
was greater. Each and every article in those stores had paid customs duties at excessive rates. Every income was taxed. Even 
clerks in the stores paid a tax of 2^ per cent, of their salaries, 6 per cent, on this income tax to cover the expense of collecting it. 
Every social gathering was taxed. There was a tax on marriages, on funerals, and even on a dinner party or dance. There was 
a tax on repairing houses. There was a tax on every servant kept. There was a tax for every letter in the signs of the stores. 
There were import and export duties. The duty on American flour was absolutely prohibitory, simply that Spain may dispose in 
Cuba of an inferior quality, produced in Spain, at enormous profit. Two years ago, when the Spanish crops were a failure, cheap 
brands of American flour were purchased and sent to Spain and re-shipped to Cuba, the double freight thereon being added to the 
duties. The statement has been frequently made—and, however incredible it may seem, it is true that the got ernment banks, 

— xiv — 


the officers of which are, of course, Spaniards, have passed out counterfeit money in making payments. Indeed, so far and to such 
an extent this was done that the long-suffering inhabitants of Havana once nearly rose in riot against the abuse. The other class 
of taxes it is impossible to estimate, as it consisted of extortions of the government officials which were as barefaced as they were 
incredible. 

No sooner had the peace of 1878 been concluded than plans were considered for the present rebellion. During the revolution 
of 1868-1878 a boy of fifteen was put in chains and kept at hard labor for alleged seditious writings. Later he was sent to Spain, 
but succeeded in escaping shortly after. He became a man of great genius, of high intellectual attainments, a poet and a brilliant 
journalist. Every move in the great struggle for freedom in his native land, from which he was an exile, was watched by him 
with deepest interest. He foresaw the inevitable outcome of that struggle and resolved to devote his life to the perfection of plans 
which would result in the attainment of freedom. That man was Jose Marti. 

In 1891 he began to put his well-thought plans into active execution. Knowing that the most energetic and patriotic of his 
fellow-countrymen had been forced to leave Cuba, he sought them out in the land of their refuge, the United States. Others had 
gone to the various Spanish-American republics—to Jamaica, to Haiti, and to Santo Domingo. Marti visited the principal cities 
in all of these countries, forming in each of them clubs of Cubans, which altogether made up the Cuban revolutionary party, of 
which Marti was president. 

Enormous sums of money were collected and placed in his hands for disbursement. With this money he purchased immense 
quantities of arms and ammunition, which were secretly shipped to Cuba and there concealed until the time should be ripe to 
declare the new revolution. The time arrived early in 1895. February 24 Marti gave the signal to proclaim once more the republic 
of Cuba. The old flag, adopted in 1868—a triangular blue union, bearing a single star and five stripes, three of red and two of 
white—was again hoisted to the cry of “Cuba Libre” ! Unfortunately for his plans, accident had placed the Spaniards in possession 
of the knowledge that such an attempt was to be made. In the province of Matanza great stores of arms and ammunition were 
discovered and forfeited, and the suspected leaders were kept under strict espionage. 

The captain-general, Calleja, put forth every effort to crush the movement in its inception. How unsuccessfully the columns 
of the daily newspapers during the last year, in spite of the difficulty of obtaining truthful information and the tremendous efforts 
made by Spain and still making to hide from the world any real knowledge of the condition of events, will show. 

Toward the end of February, 1895, Marti arrived on the island, and was nominated by the revolutionary junta to be the head 
of the new revolutionary government, and General Maximo Gomez was appointed commander of the insurgent forces. The 
insurgents had two points of rally, one being Matanzas in the province of Matanza on the north coast of the island, the other being 

XV — 


Santiago in the province of Santiago de Cuba on the extreme southeast coast. In March the government announced the capture 
of Matanzas. At this time the government forces on the island consisted of 18,000 regulars, while the insurgent forces were very 
closely estimated at about 6,000, and of these about 4,000 were well armed with modern rifles and revolvers. It is exceedingly 
difficult to give a chronology of the events of the war in Cuba, from the facts that most of the reports came through Spanish 
sources and are wholly unreliable, and also because the insurgents are not risking their cause in general engagements. The battles, 
as a rule, are more like skirmishes than general encounters. During March the insurgents were defeated near Bayarno, but later 
defeated the government troops. The rebels were defeated at Guantanamo and at Salis, where two of their leaders were killed. 
On the other hand, during March the rebels won signal victories at El Cobre and at Holguin. The rebellion was spreading rapidly 
in March and the number under arms was increasing. The extreme difficulty of policing so large an extent of coast lendered it 
impossible for the insurgents to procure arms and ammunition in large quantities from their friend-* in the U nited States and 
in Mexico. 

In April the rebels met defeat at Palmarito, Holguin and Palenque. The rebels won battles at Ramon de .as \ aguas and at 
minor points in the east end of the island. Re-enforcements were weekly arriving from Spain. In May the rebels pushed the war 
toward the west, using the extreme eastern province of Santiago de Cuba as their base. The point of attack was Puerto Principe, 
the chief citv of the province next west of Santiago de Cuba. In May, in a battle near Camaguey, the government forces were 
defeated and General Echague was taken prisoner, and they were defeated May 12, in a battle at Jovita. May 20 occurred the 
battle near Dos Rios, in which the rebels were defeated and Marti was killed, the most severe loss sustained by the insurgent 
forces since the uprising. It is claimed, with strong evidence in its favor, that Marti was assassinated by a Cuban traitor. 

Up to the first of June over 20,000 troops were sent to Cuba from Spain, and 10,000 additional forces are under orders to sail. 
The troops, however, have been of the poorest kind, being Spanish conscripts, the larger proportion being boys under military age 
and without discipline, experience or acclimation. They are, however, fairly well armed and officered. In June the insurgents 
pushed the campaign westward into the province of Puerto Principe, and, as the people of the province favored the Cuban cause, 
the state fell into the rebels’ hands without much fighting. So completely had the rebels acquired possession of the two eastern 
provinces that General Maceo began the issuance of clearance papers to merchant vessels from the port of Calmanera. The 
taking of the war to the west developed the strength of the insurgent forces. The town of Canasi, west of Matanzas, was attacked 
bv the rebels early in June, and the Spanish bands under General Pratt deserted and went over to the rebels. At that time the 
insurgent forces were estimated to number 20,000 men of all arms. In June the cities of Saledad and Cienfuegos revolted against 
Spanish rule, and it was reported that “all the artillery possessed by the Spanish forces in the eastern departments” had fallen 

— xvi — 


into the hands of General Maceo. In Spain a dispatch was received from the captain-general that 14,000 fresh troops were 
necessary to prosecute an offensive campaign in Cuba. 

Through July and August the military operations on the island were confined to skirmishes between the opposing forces, 
success being usually with the insurgents. The insurgents used the time in perfecting their political organizations and in 
preparations for declaring their independence, in choosing government officials, and in perfecting their constitution. 

On the 23d o£ September a meeting of the Cuban provincial delegates was held at Anton de Puerto Principe, at which the 
report of the special committee appointed to draw a constitution was adopted without debate, the fundamental laws of the 
republic were formally proclaimed, and the independence of the island from Spain solemnly declared. General Campos, the 
Spanish commander, was unable to subdue the rebellious Cubans. Finally he was recalled and General Weyler was sent to take 
his place. Upon his arrival at the island he issued a manifesto calling upon the insurgents to surrender at once under penalty of 
death. He announced that he intended to prosecute unrelenting warfare against those who persisted in bearing arms against the 
government. This threat did not intimidate the brave Cubans, who, under the leadership of Gomez and Maceo, steadily resisted 
the Spanish arms. General Weyler’s career is well known. Diabolical savagery can only describe the inhuman course he adopted. 
Finally he was recalled to Spain and General Blanco appointed his successor. But still the Cubans fought on, doggedly but 
bravely. 

The island of Cuba is the largest and most western of the West Indies, and, compared to the others, has nearly double the 
superficial area. From east to west it is over seven hundred miles in length, and is twenty-two miles wide at its narrowest part. 
Its resources are great, its climate most salubrious, and its geographical position has made it the richest of all the Spanish 
possessions. Its area is variously estimated at from thirty-two to forty-eight thousand square miles. 

Although somewhat mountainous in the interior, much of the coast line is low and flat and difficult of approach on account of 
the numerous reefs and small islands. Notwithstanding this feature of the coast, it is said that no other island in the world has 
so many excellent harbors in comparison to its size. Of these, Havana, Matanzas, Bahia Honda, Mariel, Nuevitas, Nipe and 
Cardenas, on the north side, and Santiago de Cuba, Trinidad, Guantamao and Cienfuegos, on the south side, are the principal 
and best known. 

The island of Cuba is divided into six provinces, the most thickly populated being Havana and the least Puerto Principe. The 
total population before the present insurrection was estimated at over one million six hundred thousand, but it is computed that 
at least half a million have since perished in battle, by disease and by starvation. 

Although there is a large amount of cultivated land, there are no less than twenty million acres of almost impenetrable forests, 

2 — xvii — 


fully one-half oY which has never been disturbed by man. The soil which has been cultivated is marvelously rich and productive, 
as may be shown by the fact that, notwithstanding the hindrances to industrial enterprises through the misrule of Spain, the 
exports in 1893 were valued at ninety-three millions of Spanish dollars. 

Notwithstanding the prevalence of yellow fever in the seacoast cities and towns, the greater part of Cuba is said, under 
normal conditions, to be a very healthy place. Although not altogether in the tropics, it has all the characteristics of the torrid 
region. It has a wet and a dry season, and, excepting in a few spots in the mountains, not even light frosts. The prevailing 
temperature is not unpleasantly hot, the highest being rarely over eighty-two degrees, while the average is seventy-seven degrees. 

The chief agricultural products are sugar, coffee and tobacco, of which the United States takes the greater part. In 1893 
there were 815,894 tons of sugar produced, of which 718,204 tons were exported, the United States taking 680,642 tons. Of 227,000 
bales of tobacco exported, two-thirds came to this country, together with more than half the 147,365,000 cigars made. But, while 
the exports reached a total of eighty-nine million Spanish dollars and the imports fifty-six millions, the taxation on the people 
reached nearly twenty-five millions. Of this tremendous burden, which is more than one-sixth the combined value of the imports 
and exports, less than one-half came from the customs, and one-fourth of the whole is entirely diverted from the island to the uses 
of the Spanish crown. 

Consul-General Lee, in a communication to the United States government in the latter part of 1897, said that the insurgents 
would not accept autonomy and that a large majority of the Spanish subjects who had commercial and business interests would 
not accept autonomy, but preferred annexation to the United States rather than an independent republic or genuine autonomy 
under the Spanish flag. 

Later he sent to the department the communications ( of two gentlemen whose names, he said, were suppressed for obvious 
reasons, but whom he knows personally as standing high in the community, concerning the condition in Los Fosos (the ditches), 
in Havana. 

The communication stated that the deaths among these reconcentrados averaged forty or fifty daily, and that, on an average, 
there were only ten days of life for each person. These unhappy creatures received food only after having been eight days in the 
Fosos, in which time they were obliged to subsist upon the bad food which the dying had refused. 

On December 3 General Lee sent to the State Department a communication referring to a cipher dispatch he had sent two 
days previous, in which he informed the department that he had learned from the United States Consul at Matanzas of an 
“extensive and dangerous conspiracy under the ex-governor of the province directed against Americans; action against them to be 
contingent on the movement of the United States government in favor of the independence of Cuba.” 

— xviii — 


Such demonstrations, General Lee said, must come from Spanish non-combatants or from volunteer forces. He did not think 
there was any danger from the former class, many of whom seemed to favor annexation rather than autonomy or the independence 
of the Cuban republic. “I am inclined to think,” said he, “that if General Blanco can manage the volunteers, as yesterday he said 
he could, the trouble from that source is diminishing. The origin of the mobs in this city in the past has always been located in 
the ranks of the volunteers, who alone have organization and arms.” 

General Lee, in a report regarding the measures for the relief of the reconcentrados, said: “I see no effect of the governmental 
distribution to the reconcentrados. I am informed that only $12,500 in Spanish silver has been dedicated to the Havana province 
out of the $100,000 said to have been set aside for the purpose of relieving them on the island, and that reports from all parts of the 
province show that 50 per cent, have already died and that many of those left will die, and most of these are women and children. ” 

In a later report General Lee said that there were 150,000 reconcentrados in the Havana province, so that if every dollar 
appropriated reaches them the distribution will average about seventeen cents each. 

“The contest for and against autonomy is most unequal,” he said. "For it there are five or six of the head officers at the 
palace and twenty or thirty other persons here in the city. Against it, first, are the insurgents, with or without arms, and the 
Cuban non-combatants; second, the great mass of the Spaniards bearing or not bearing arms—the latter desiring, if there must be 
a change, annexation to the United States. Indeed, there is the greatest apathy concerning autonomy in any form. No one asks 
what it will be or when or how it will come. 

“I do not see how it couid be even put into operation by force, because, as long as the insurgents decline to accept it, so long, 
the Spanish authorities say, the war must continue.” 

In January, 1898, General Lee made the following report: 

“I have the honor to state, as a matter of public interest, that the reconcentrado order of General Weyler, formerly 
governor-general of this island, transformed about 400,000 self-supporting people, principally women and children, into a multitude 
to be sustained by the contributions of others, or die of starvation or of fevers resulting from a low physical condition and being 
massed in large bodies, without change of clothing and without food. 

“Their homes were burned, their fields and plant beds destroyed, and their livestock driven away or killed. 

“I estimate that probably 200,000 of the rural population in the provinces of Pinar del Rio, Havana, Matanzas, and Santa 
Clara have died of starvation or from resultant causes, and the deaths of whole families almost simultaneously, or within a few 
days of each other, and of mothers praying for their children to be relieved of their horrible sufferings by death, are not the least 


— xix — 


of the many pitiable scenes which were ever present. In the provinces of Puerto Principe and Santiago de Cuba, where the 
'reconcentrado order’ could not be enforced, the great mass of the people are self-sustaining. 

“A daily average of ten cents’ worth of food to 200,000 people would be an expenditure of $20,000 per day, and, of course, the 
most humane efforts upon the part of our citizens cannot hope to accomplish such a gigantic relief, and a great portion of these 

people will have to be abandoned to their fate.’ __ . . , 

General Lee also sent brief cablegrams to the department with regard to those rioting and the demonstrations against 

autonomy and Blanco and the three newspaper offices. , , . , 

He said some of the rioters threatened to go to the United States Consulate. “Ships,” he stated, “are not needed, but may be 
later. If Americans are in danger ships should move promptly for Havana. Uncertainty and excitement widespread. T le 
rioting ceased the next day and General Lee reported all quiet. 

On January 18 General Lee sent the following dispatch regarding the rioting. 

“Sir- The "recent disorders in this city are to be primarily attributed to a group of Spanish officers who were incensed at 
articles appearing in three of the newspapers of Havana-El Reconcentrado, La Discuscion and El Diario de la Marina The first 
was very pronounced against General Weyler and his methods. The Discuscion had been suppressed by Weyler, but its 
publication was permitted to be resumed by Blanco, and the last had been an ultra-Spanish organ, but had been converted by the 

present authorities to autonomy. „ r , . . , , ,, _ 

‘•It is probable that the Spanish officers were first provoked by the denunciations of Weyler in the columns of one of thes 
newspapers and determined to stop it, and afterward, being supported by the mob, turned the demonstration into an anti-autonomistic 

a ff air 

“I send today an analysis of the autonomistic plan. The intense opposition to it on the part of the Spaniards arises from the 
fact that the first appointments of the officers to put into form its provisions were made generally outside of their party, m older 
to show the Cubans in arms that autonomy was instituted for their benefit and protection. 

On February 10 General Lee wrote: 

“Captain-general returned yesterday; met with no success of any sort. Spaniards every where unfriendly; rumors ot coming 
demonstration against him here. I think him an excellent nan, but in an unfortunate position. Three serious combats reported 

within a week; in each insurgents victorious.” . 

On the same day he sent to the State Department a statement of the condition m the towns in the neighborhood of the city 
of Havana, made by a person he had sent to those places for the purpose of inspecting the number and condition of the starving. 


— xx — 


The statement covers four towns in the vicinity of Havana, and is largely a repetition of the awful tale of suffering which came 
from other portions of the island. At Melena, Del Sur, the statement said it was impossible for the mayor, owing to the 
unhealthy conditions prevailing and the want of resources, to relieve the miserable people, “who die in great numbers from 
starvation, fever and smallpox. There are other towns in the same condition; for example, Guines, Catalina and Nadruga, whose 
situation could be in some degree relieved if the country people were allowed to leave the town freely in search of food. In some 
towns this is entirely prohibited; in others they are obliged to pay a tax. Not having anything to eat, how can they pay a tax? 
In every town the first thing noticed is the unhealthy condition of the men, and their total lack of physical strength. 

At Catalina de Guines the statement reported the condition of the reconcentrados as sad and desperate. 

“Food is so scarce that one must walk four or live miles before finding a sweet potato In these districts the relief given to 
the reconcentrados by General Blanco is a farce. 

“One of the few protectors of the reconcentrados is a young man named Jose Amohedo, whose father and mother died 
attending the suffering poor, and who himself has given up eight houses belonging to him as dwelling places for the reconcentrados 
and all the contents of a grocery store which he possessed. He is as destitute as they are now, but is always attending to those 
who suffer.” 

On March i General Lee reported that the distribution of food, medicines and clothing to the destitute was progressing 
satisfactorily. The work, he said, had been well organized and systematized under the supervision and direction of Miss Clara 
Barton, president of the Red Cross of the United States, and her active, able and experienced assistant. He incloses a letter on 
March 14. from Consul Barker, of Sagua, who requests him to transmit the following letter, which is addressed to him (General 
Lee): 

“Dear Sir: I will thank you to communicate to the department as quickly as possible the fact that military commander 
and other military officers positively refuse to allow the reconcentrados, to whom I am issuing food in its raw state, to procure 
fuel with which to cook the food. 

“In addition, they prohibited this class of people (I am only giving food to about one-fifth of the destitute—the authorities 
have quit altogether) from gathering vegetables cultivated within the protection of the forts, telling them ‘the Americans propose 
to feed you, and to the Americans you must look.’ ” 

General Lee reported on March 2S that “instructions had been given by the civil government of Havana that the alcaldes and 
other authorities shall not give out any facts about the reconcentrados, and if any of the American relief committees should make 
inquiries concerning them, all such inquiries must be refereed to him.” 

— xxi — 


X- 


* 


* * * * 


On the 4th of March, 1896, Hon. Roger Q. Mills, of Texas, in a speech delivered in the United States Senate, said: 

“Ah the day is coming when Cuba will arise, and when there will be a voice that will speak to her like the voice of the 
apostle who saw the poor man lying at the beautiful gate to ask for alms and an invalid from his birth, begging alms of those who 
passed by him. The apostle told him he had no money, he could give no alms, but he gave that which was better. He said. In 

the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth arise up and walk.’ 

“Here is another poor beggar lying at the beautiful gate, lying at the gate of the fortress that guards the rights and liberties 
and safety of the American people; she has been lying there for a century, lifting up her shrunken hands and hollow cheeks and 
crying with salty tears to us, ‘Help us! oh, help us to get out of this dungeon!’ The American people will say after a while, in 
the name of the mighty republic, ‘Arise to your feet and walk.’ She will extend to the poor mendicant her powerful right arm 
and lift her to her feet and enable her to stand.” 

His prophecy has been fulfilled. 



— xxii — 



GENERAL MAXIMO GOMEZ 















MAINE—Second class, twin-screw, steel battleship; 6,648 tons displacement; length. 318 feet; 
breadth, 57 feet; mean draft, 21 feet 6 inches; horse power, 9,293; armor, 12 inches on the sides, 8 
inches on the turrets, and from 10—12 inches on the barbettes; main battery, four 10-ineh and six 
6-inch breech-loading rifles; secondary battery, seven 6-pounder and eight i-pounder rapid-fire guns 
and four Gatlings; speed, 17.4 knots; crew, 34 officers and 370 men; cost, $2,300,000. The engines 
were of the vertical triple expansion type; the bunker capacity, 896 tons; four torpedo tubes. Destroyed 
in Havana harbor Feb. 15, 1898. 


— xxiv — 





















AFTER THE EXPLOSION —On the opposite page is the picture of the Maine as it appeared 
before it was destroyed, while in the photograph above is shown all that remained above the sur¬ 
face after its instantaneous destruction by traitors to humanity. In place of a beautiful contour there 
is little else than gnarled ironwork and twisted frames. Instead of brave and robust seamen there 
are, beneath the shapeless mass, crushed and bleeding bodies—beyond recognition, beyond the help of 
man, martyrs to duty, now enveloped in the lasting memory of a sorrowing people. But there still 
flourishes at the broken mast the torn and tattered emblem of liberty which foretells [the coming 
revenge of a great nation. 


— XXV — 














THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 


0 


N the night of February 15, 1898, the awful message was flashed over the country that the battleship Maine had been blown up 
in Havana harbor. 

Lieutenant Blandin, one of the survivors, has described the incident in the following words: 

•'I was on watch, and when the men had been piped below I looked down the main hatches and over the side of the ship. 
Everything was absolutely normal. I walked aft to the quarter deck, behind the rear turret, as is allowed after 8 o’clock m 
the evening, and sat down on the port side, where I remained for a few minutes. Then, for some reason I cannot explain to 
myself now, I moved to the starboard side and sat down there. I was feeling a bit glum, and in fact was so quiet that Lieutenant 
Hood came up and asked laughingly if I was asleep. I said, No, I am on watcn. 

“Scarcely had I spoken when there came a dull, sullen roar. Would to God that I could blot out the sound and the scenes 
that followed! Then came a sharp explosion, some say numerous detonations. I remembered only one. 

“It seemed to me that the sound came from the port side forward. Then came a perfect rain of missiles of all descriptions, 
from huge pieces of cement to blocks of wood, steel railings, fragments of gratings, and all the debris that would be detachable m 
an explosion. 

“I was struck on the head by a piece of cement and knocked down, but I was not hurt and got to my feet in a moment. 
Lieutenant Hood had run to the poop, and I supposed, as I followed, he was dazed by the shock and about to jump overboard. 
I halted him, and he answered that he had run to the poop to help lower the boats. 

“When I got there, though scarce a moment could have elapsed, I had to wade in water to my knees, and almost imme¬ 
diately the quarter deck’was awash. On the poop I found Captain Sigsbee, as cool as if at a ball, and soon all the officers 
except Merritt and Jenkins joined us. The poop was above water after the Maine settled to the bottom. 

“Captain Sigsbee ordered the launch and gig lowered, and the officers and men, who by this time had assembled, got the 
boats out and rescued a number in the water. Captain Sigsbee ordered Lieutenant-Commander Wainwright forward to see 
the extent of the damage, and if anything could be done to rescue those forward or to extinguish the flames, which followed 
close upon the explosion and burned fiercely as long as there were any combustibles above water to feed them. 


— XXVI — 


“Lieutenant-Commander Wainwright on his return reported the total and awful character of the calamity, and Captain Sigsbee 
gave his last sea order. Abandon ship, to men overwhelmed with grief indeed, but calm and apparently unexcited. 

“Meantime four boats from the Spanish cruiser Alfonso XII. arrived, to be followed soon by the Ward line steamer City of 
Washington. The two boats lowered from the City of Washington were found to be riddled with flying debris from the Maine, 
and unfit for use. 

Captain Sigsbee was the last man to leave his vessel, and left in his own gig. 

I have no theories as to the cause of the explosion. I cannot form any. An examination by divers may tell something 
to a court of inquiry. I, with others, had heard that the Havana Harbor was full of torpedoes, but the officers whose duty it was 
to examine into that, reported that they had found no signs of any. Personally, I do not believe that the Spaniards had any¬ 
thing to do with the disaster. Time may tell. I hope so. 

“We were in a delicate position on the Maine, so far as taking any precaution was concerned. We were friends in a friendly 
or alleged friendly port, and could not fire upon or challenge the approach of any boat boarding us unless convinced that her 
intention were hostile. 

“ I wish to heaven I could forget it. I have been in two wrecks now, and have had my share. But the reverberations of that 
sullen, yet resonant roar, as if the bottom of the sea were groaning in torture, will haunt me for many a day, and the reflection 
of that pillar of flame comes to me even when I close my eyes.” 

On February 17 the funeral of twenty-seven of the victims took place in Havana. The bodies lay in state during the day in 
Municipal Hall, the local clergy, including the bishop of Havana, assisting in the funeral services. In the afternoon the 
procession, which was made up of the best families of Havana in carriages, government officials, delegations from the Spanish 
men-of-war, and survivors of the Maine, moved to the cemetery and paid the last sacred rites to the unfortunate sailors. 

The United States government appointed a court of inquiry, consisting of Captains Sampson and Chadwick and 
Lieutenant-Commanders Marix and Potter, and sessions were at once commenced. Arrangements were made for removing the 
wreck, but after several weeks of work this was found to be impossible on account of the depth of mud into which it had sunk. 
The board of inquiry finished its work in about six weeks and found that the explosion was due to exterior causes, but were unable 
to fix the responsibility. The report also exonerated the officers and crew of the Maine from all blame in the matter, and showed 
clearly the catastrophe was not due to any carelessness on their part, but that, on the contrary, the greatest diligence had been 
exercised at all times. 

Shortly after the reception of the report of the board of inquiry the President sent a message to Congress, in which he declared 

-- xxvil - 


that armed intervention in Cuba by the United States was the only step that could be taken in view of the barbarities practiced by 

rS5SS5SSSS 

Ind transfer^ to the United States flag. The ship, of sevend ^ to Sm^lTtilt 

auxiliary cruisers, and were at once remannei an p “ “™'” ch ' fltttd tor t h e ,r new uses at once, and the preparations 

~ — - — * ““ “ “ 

^Whereas. The abhorrent condit.ons which 

of a P United S.ate,ih.u,esdiip with two .u, dred and sixty 

resolved: o[ the lsland of Cuba are, and of right ought to be, free and independent. u . , 

"Second_That it is the duty of the United States to demand, and the government of the United States does hereby demand 

that the government of Spain at once relinquish its authority and government m the ,sland of Uuba and withdraw its lan 

naval forces from.^“d^offc'United States be. and he hereby is, directed and empowered to use the entire land and 
navalTorcesoTthe United States, and to cal. into the actual service of the United States the militia of the several states to such 

an or intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction or control 

over saidtllnd^Incep^orto^ficatto. thereof, and asserts its determination, when .ha, is accomplished, to leave the 

President sent an uitimatum to Spain quoting the resolutions passed by 
irspfnbt mhiiien Polo y Bernabe. a, once applied for his passports and left the country. The Spanish government, 


xxviii 


5 

without waiting for Minister Woodford to deliver the ultimatum of the United States government, sent him his transports, thus 
taking the initiative and practically declaring war against this government. The official notification to General Woodford from 
the Spanish minister of foreign affairs was as follows: 

“Dear Sir: In compliance with a painful duty, I have the honor to inform you that there has been sanctioned by the President 
of the Republic a resolution of both chambers of the United States which denies the legitimate sovereignty of Spain, and threatens 
immediate armed intervention in Cuba, which is equivalent to a declaration of war. 

“The government of her majesty has ordered her minister at Washington to retire without loss of time from the territory of 
North America, with all of the persona’ity of the legation. By this act the diplomatic relations which formerly existed between 
the two countries, and all official communications between their respective representatives, cease. I am obliged to inform you, so 
that on your part you can make such arrangements as you believe convenient. 

“I beg that at a suitable time your excellency will acknowledge receipt of this, and take this opportunity to reiterate the 
assurance of my most distinguished consideration. Pio Gullon.” 

General Woodford then turned over the legation to the care of the British government, and ordered all American consuls in 
Spain to cease their offices and leave the country at once. He then made his own preparations to leave and started for Paris 
without delay. 

Spain, having by its conduct to General Woodford, broken off diplomatic relations between the two countries, it was not 
deemed necessary for the United States to wait until the time set, but that hostilities could be begun at once. The President 
thereupon issued the following proclamation: 

“Whereas, By a joint resolution passed by the Congress and approved April 20. 1898, and communicated to the government of 
Spain, it was demanded that said government at once relinquish its authority and government on the island of Cuba, and withdraw 
its land and naval forces from Cuba, and Cuban water; and the President of the United States was directed and empowered to 
use the land and naval forces of the United States, and to call into the actual service of the United States the militia of the several 
states to such extent as might be necessary to carry said resolution into effect; and, 

“Whereas, In carrying into effect said resolution the President of the United States deems it necessary to set on foot and 
maintain a blockade of the north coast of Cuba, including all ports between Cardenas and Bahia Honda and the port of Cienfuegos 
on the south coast of Cuba—now, therefore, I, William McKinley, President of the United States, in order to enforce the said 
resolution do hereby declare and proclaim that the United States of America have instituted and will maintain a blockade of the 


— xxix — 


north coast of Cuba, including ports on the said coast between Cardenas and Bahia Honda and the port of Cienfuegos on the sout 
coast of Cuba aforesaid, in pursuance of the laws of the United States and the law of nations applicable to such cases 

•'An efficient force will be posted so as to prevent the entrance and exit of vessels from the ports aforesaid. Any ne . 

vessel approaching any of said ports, or attempting to leave the same without notice or knowledge of the establishment of su 
blockade! will be duly warned by the commander of the blockading forces, who will endorse on her register the fact and the date, 
of such warning, where such endorsement was made, and if the same vessel shall again attempt to enter any blockaded port she 
will be captured and sent to the nearest convenient port for such proceedings against her and her cargo as prize, as may be 

''^m^eutraTteiels lying in any of said ports at the time of the establishment of such blockade will be allowed thirty days to 
issue therefrom. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed 

■‘Done at the city of Washington this 22 d day of April, A. D. 1898, and of the independence of the United States the one 

hundred and twenty-second William McKinley. 

Tohn Sherman, Secretary of State. , . _ w , 

Congress having approved the blockade, the North Atlantic squadron, under command of Captain Sampson saileU at once 
from Key West to Havana. It consisted of the following vessels: Battleships Iowa and Indiana, armored cruiser New York the 
monitors Puritan, Terror and Amphitrite, the gunboats Nashville, Castine, Macliias, Wilmington and Helena the cruisers Detroit, 
Cincinnati and Marblehead, and the torpedo boats Cushing, Ericsson, Dupont, Foote, Winslow Porter and Mayflower. 

On April 22 a call for 125,000 volunteers was issued, and the enthusiasm with which this was received in all parts of the 
country showed that the spirit of patriotism was as strong in the country as in 1861, only that now the entire nation responded, 

and South as well as North is eager to show its devotion. , . 

At daylight on April 22 , the New York, the Iowa and the Indiana were lying in line m the outer harbor, with thd gunboats 
Nashville and Detroit off to the southward on picket duty, and the Castine, the Newport, the Machias and a naval tug hovering 
around near the anchorage. A great deal of signaling had been done since 9 o’clock the night before, and just before sunrise 
the Helena came from the inner harbor, while the torpedo boat Foote came to the flagship ]ust ahead of her A few minutes 
later the Detroit left her station and went to the inner harbor, while the Nashville came to the flagship and then headed away 
to northward where the Machias and Castine had been lying. At this the whole squadron got under way in two lines, the New 
York, Iowa and Indiana in one line at the southward, and the Helena, Machias, Nashville and Castine in another, while the naval 
tug and torpedo boat went along in the lee of the flagship. 


— XXX — 


By 6 o'clock the Newport came to the line from the westward and took her pla e behind the Machias. Meantime, a smoke had 
appeared on the horizon away to westward, and by 6 o’clock it was plain that this came from a merchantman. By 7 o’clock she 
was seen to be a two-masted black-hulled ship with white upper works and black smokestack, having the colors of the Spanish 
flag painted around it. A Spanish flag was flung to the breeze above the taffrail. 

About this time the squadron had been steaming slowly, say six knots, but at 7 o’clock the Nashville suddenly left the line 
and at full speed headed toward the Spaniard. A moment later a gun was fired from the port battery of the Nashville, and the 
shot struck the water a few hundred yards away. The Spaniard at this time was half a mile from the Nashville, and she held her 
way, making no sign of having given the shot any attention. 

For two minutes the Nashville held her way in chase and then tried another shot that passed apparently within a rod of the 
Spaniard’s bow and clipped the spray from the crest of the waves for a mile beyond. The officer on the Spaniard’s bridge at once 
leversed her engines, while a man ran aft and hastily lowered her flag. At 7 :I 5 o’clock the Nashville brought to alongside the 
Spaniard, having every gun, big and little, in the starboard broadside pointed at her. 

Then a whaleboat was lowered, and Ensign Magruder, with a boarding crew of six men, was sent to take charge of the prize. 
She was found to be the steamship Buena Ventura, plying between New York and Havana and West India ports. She had 
a cargo of lumber on deck forward, that was stowed so as to give her a list to port. Meantime the torpedo boat Foote had run 
down in +he wake of the Nashville, and she brought to beside the Buena Ventura. 

For the next half hour there was a good deal of filling and backing by the Nashville and the Foote as they lay about the 
Spaniard. Ensign Magruder took charge of the Spaniard’s papers and sent a report regarding them to the Nashville. The papers 
were sent thence to the flagship by the Foote. The flagship, with the battleships, had been lying to during this time, and soon 
after this a number of guns were fired from the New York. 

However, the torpedo boat, after tarrying briefly at the flagship, returned to the Nashville. She had brought orders that the 
Buena Ventura was to be held, and a few minutes later the Nashville headed toward Key West and was followed by the Buena 
Ventura. This was the first actual capture of a vessel of either side in the war, and the honor belongs to the Nashville. The 
Buena Ventura was taken to Key West and the news of her capture sent to Washington. The legality of the act cannot be 
questioned, as Spain had already declared war by her refusal to receive our ultimatum and by the diplomatic relations of the two 
countries. 

Since the capture of the Nashville, many other captures have been made, mostly of merchant vessels and passenger steamers 
bearing supplies for the Spaniards in Cuba. The steamer Panama was taken on April 26 within twenty miles of Havana. She 

— xxxi — 


time. ,, • i “Tn +Vip Sptiqtp and House of Representatives of the United 

On April 25 the President issued the following proclamat . ar , W o D riate action copies of correspondence recently had 

States of America: I transmit to the Congress for its const era ion PI &t Madridi andj through the latter, with the 

with the representative of Spain in the United States, wit i e n d April '’01898 'For the recognition of the 

government of Spain, showing the action taken under the joint “g^^tTaaSority and government in the 

fo a rces e fr g om e Cuba and Cuban waters, and directing the President of the United 
S-tes to use ‘the land and de“S * became the duty of the Executive to 

addressee) 11 the^overnment'of Spain in obedience to said resolutioxp the minister of 

the s 2 8 r“ r U™" = S tomtaated between fhe two countries. - - ^ 

SBW ■*— a, Madrid * the Spanish ^ W 

foreign affairs on the 21st instant, whereby the foreign notification was of the jomt resolution of the United States 

■•It will be perceived therrfmm ?^““ t had AerAy been required and authorized to do, responds by treating the 

Congress, and m view of the ^ o£ hostility , following with that instant and complete severance of relations 

b^^nrWcCby the usage of nations, accompam^ an e^sten^state of a complete rupture 

resolution aforesaid, to proclaim, under date of April south coast of Cuba; and further, in exercise of my 

between Cardenas and Bah,aa,”' it ''conferred noon me by the act of Cong,ess approved April ». ,8,8. to issue my 

““ r “° ,Uli “ ° £ APrU ' 9,S - 

Copies of these proclamations are hereto appended. 

^ — xxxii — 


Ia view of the measures so taken, and with a view to the adoption of such other measures as may be necessary to enable me 
ad^!- ry ° U f the e *P ress ; ed willof the Congress of the United States in the premises, I now recommend to your honorable body the 

p ion o a joint resolution declaring that a state of war exists between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain 
n urge speedy action thereon to the end that the definition of the international status of the United States as a belligerent 
maTbeTssured 01 ’ ^ aSSertl0n of a11 its ri S hts and the maintenance of all its duties in the conduct of a publfc war 

“Executive Mansion, Washington, April 25, 1898.” William McKinley. 

folium 6 Pr0Clamati ° n WaS received ’ Representative Adams, of the house committee on foreign affairs, reported the 

A bill declaring that war exists between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain: 

“Be it resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled: 

. “ Flrst - That war be, and the same is, hereby declared to exist, and that war has existed since the 21st day of April A D 
1898, inc uding said day, between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain. 

Second That the President of the United States be, and he hereby is, directed and empowered to use the entire land and 
naval forces of the United States, and to call into the actual service of the United States the militia of the several states to such 
an extent as may be necessary to carry this act into effect.” 

The bill was adopted by unanimous vote amid great applause. 

The first actual bombardment of Cuban forts took place on April 27 at Matanzas, when three ships of Admiral Sampson’s 
fleet, the flagship New York, the monitor Puritan, and the cruiser Cincinnati, opened fire upon the fortifications The Spaniards 
had been actively at work on the fortifications at Punta Gorda, and it was the knowledge of this fact that led Admiral Sampson 
to shell the place, the purpose being to prevent their completion. ^ 

A small battery on the eastern side of the bay opened fire on the New York and the flagship quickly responded with her heavy 
guns. Probably twenty-five S-inch shells were sent from the battery at our ships, but all of them fell short. A few blank shells 
were also fired from the incomplete battery. 

One or two of those whizzed over Admiral Sampson’s flagship. After completing their work the ships put out to the open sea 
the flagship returning to its post off Havana, while the Cincinnati and the Puritan remained on guard off Matanzas. 

While the flagship New York, her sister cruiser, the Cincinnati, and the monitor Puritan were locating the defenses of Matanzas 
harbor, the batteries guarding the entrance opened fire on the New York. 


— xxxiii — 


Their answer was a broadside from Admiral Sampson s flagship, the first fire being from the forward 8-inch gmt on the 

P ° rt Side ‘ , , t Mflva fortification the flagship went in close and shelled Rubalcaya point, while the Cincinnati 

was sotm^twork^ helling 2 SeatiL on the west'side of the bay. 1 = less than twenty minutes Admire, Sampson's warships 

Cm the^ath of^April,^President McKinley sent the following order to Admiral Dewey, commander of the Asiat.c squadron, 

and Admiral Dewey had rep,led to the Pres,dent 

as follows. . , M f i av break this morning. We immediately engaged tV'^emy and 

cruiserf CastiUn. Don Juan de Austria, Isla d^usoh. 

Islade Cuba, gunboats General Lezo. Marquis Del Duero, El Carreo Velasco. , sett led the question of naval 

at the entrance to Manila harbor. The Corregu or is a enler ed the bay the boats were darkened and 

quickly silenced by the guns of the American warshrp: - ,he fleet tad e«£ J a sound w „ s heard from the 

^itS^SenSrr £ ». ^ The Boston and McCul.och 

re ^ >1 q,p’ e a gp aa jMi^^tee , t''was e ^it b Cavit^ ^vmheen miles from^me^enmanceof^the ^^m’em^er^hh^Jdainek’h^fmre^yas ^an 

this point. When daylight came the flags ip. ympia g v stea med into action. It was 5 :io o’clock when the Spanish 

answering cheer from the sailors, and, orimng.n me , fire ‘ for tweuty minutes until they had advanced to short 

mnt,T”e'!£%£.'American flee, turned and steamed pas, the Spanish boats and forts in 

— xxxiv — 


fiHng th ' {r P l ° rt 1 gims: then ' turnin ^ the >'- P^sed back, firing their starboard guns. This action was repeated 
and Ibh lad pasSed the S P ailiard s five times. For two hours and a half the battle waged with unremitting fury 

and although the bpamards fought bravely they seemed to lack the coolness and precision of the Amorimnc v, ^ g 

shot ten. Notwithstanding the fact that they had eleven ships and five land batteries tL YankL g un^s dTd b Jter servt' 
the <5 Itl v Amencan fl eet withdrew from the battle in order to hold a council of war. It was observed then that several of 

he Spanish ships were disabled. About two hours later the signal to renew the battle was given, and the attack was made with 

I l i 1 °’i l0Ck the SpaniSh had surrendered - T en of their warships had been destroyed, four hundred 

“ mi ( , d , S1X hundved wounded. The Americans did not lose a single life, while the damage to their fleet was merely 

nominal. Said an eyewitness of this memorable conflict: ^ 

“Tnere are some very interesting figures as to the amount of firing done by our ships during the battle. The Olympia fired 
1,764 sheds, aggregating 25 tons ,n weight. The Baltimore did even heavier firing, being called upon to reduce the fo Is after he 
firs engagement and sent no less than 35 tons of metal into the Spanish ships and the land batteries. The remainder of the fleet 
shot a total of 80 tons or metal, making a grand total of 140 tons. 

Wlth ^ me S P anish officers a “ d they attribute the American victory to the rapidity and the accuracy of our fire 
rather than to the weight of projectiles used. Also, the fact that the American ships were painted a lead color and did not 

range ^ 7 agamSt th ® Wat61 ‘ made them vel T ^satisfactory targets and kept the Spanish gunners guessing as to the correct 

H t I In p SPit r f hiS i °y er ^ elmi i n f defeat Admiral Montejo did not forget the courtesies of the occasion. On Monday he sent word 
by the British consul to Admiral Dewey that he wished to compliment the Americans on their marksmanship. He said that never 
before had he witnessed such rap.d and accurate firing. Admiral Dewey, not to be outdone in the amenities of war sent Ws 
compliments to the Spanish and praised the Spaniards very highly for their courage and resistance. He said that the Spanish 
force was stronger than he had believed it would be before his arrival at the harbor, and he had really expected a shorter and less 

comfoT’ 18 Said that thIS meSSage ’ alth ° Ugh complimentar y to Spanish, did not give Admiral Montejo any JeS 


— XXXV — 



WHITE SQUADRON AT ANCHOR IN HAMPTON ROADS-The enormous sums of money 
tnat have been spent each year to keep the navy efficient will not be begrudged by the people of this 
country when they stop to think of the unprotected state the country would have been in had the 
navy been less efficient. As it is. the odds afloat are against the United States, but the courage 
stamina and determination of the American people in the cause of justice are sufficient to show that 
conscience can make heroes as well as cowards, victors as well as traitors. 


- xxxvi— 






















SQUADRON OF EVOLUTION—The above ships representing the United States navy are the 
flagship Chicago in the foreground, with the gunboat Yorktown and the protected cruisers Boston and 
Atlanta to the right. While European countries have been indulging in naval maneuvers with roar¬ 
ing announcements and increasing bravado, the gigantic commerce of the United States has seemed 
to hide the evolutions, training and experimental displays of this country, which, nevertheless, has 
been slowly but surely gaining in experience and strength, until suddenly the eyes of the world are 
opened to the fact that this nation must be counted in the great navies of the world, 

— xxxvij — 




















IN THE HAMPTON ROADS—The fleet is riding at anchor, with the protected cruiser San 
Francisc'o in the foreground. In times of war the engines are kept going and everything is ready for 
action, so that if the enemy is sighted or sealed orders are suddenly delivered aboard, the fleet will slip 
its anchors and get out to sea in the shortest possible space of time, f he Spanish fleet has the advan¬ 
tage of being swifter, and there can be no question as to the Spaniards being excellent navigators, but 
solid strength and good gunnery tell in the end. 

— xxxviii — 









VESSELS LEAVING HAMPTON ROADS— There is not a seaport on the Atlantic coast that 
would not have been pleased to see a fleet like this hovering in the vicinity since the declaration of 
war with Spain. It is an indication of strength, which is very welcome when there is a possibility of 
bombardment. If a fleet of modern warships is less picturesque than a fleet of frigates there is the 
satisfaction of knowing that it is far more formidable. The annihilation of the Spanish fleet at 
Manila will be an object lesson for the navies of the world. 

— xxxix — 













A GALA DAY— The large vessels in the foreground are the Newark and the Baltimore, with the 
fleet riding in Hampton Roads. The ships are all in gala dress and members of the crews are exchang¬ 
ing visits from one to another of the ships in the fleet. There is nothing more likely to engender a 
patriotic feeling in the human heart than a naval review. A line of magnificent battleships and cruisers, 
decorated with the flags of all nations, proudly steaming along in all their majestic splendor, saluting 
each other with the care and punctilio of a courtly gentleman—a combination of strength and grace— 
is a sight that makes a native proud of his country. 

— xl — 












OUR NAVAL STRENGTH. 

T H f '7" With f Spain centered the attention of the country upon our naval force, on which we rely not only to protect the 

stretches of coast washed by the waves of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans but oi c ~ t^ ^ ^ ectthe\ast 

Spain’s colonial possessions and her seaports. ' alS0 t0 C ° nV ° y transport shl P s and attack 

The chief disparity now existing is probably in the possession of those modern engines of naval warfare * , . 

and the torpedo boat destroyer. Small and stealthy, capable of moving in much shallower waterJtLn [he stl, 
they can lurk m narrow channels, ready—under cover of the darkness, to glide forth and discharge one of their t r 'hi ^ eSh ! pS ’ 
a g a,„ s , the armored sides ot the foe. dea.iag a blow which the heaviest plf.es are 

i he torpedo boat destroyer is somewhat larger, much swifter, and has far better sea-going qualities She is nrnvi m i - f u 
tower supplied with a searchlight for the discovery of the torpedo boats, and, like them, her hull is nainted d!ri i f 7 , * 
or black, and there is no bright metal work, the resemblance aiding her to approach her prey unsuspected fu* L ° ^ 

of torpedoes and tubes for discharging them, she is provided with a battery of rapid-fire guns ‘ P BeSldes the outfit 

miteTrufserl 6 ^ ^ ^ “ dcraft -make up in our cruisers, battleships, gunboats, monitors, rams and dyna- 

The Minneapolis is a protected cruiser, and was commissioned in December, 1894. Her length is 412 feet her width sS feet ,./ 
inches, her displacement 7,375 tons, and her speed 23 knots. Her armament consists of a main hatter • ♦ ■ 5 . ^ 

breech-loading rifle, two 6-inch, and eight 4-inch rapid-fire guns, and a secondary battery equipped with twelve* 6 ®' lnch 

i-pounder rapid-fire guns and four Gatlings. Her protective deck is 4 inches thick on the slopes and J on the flaT f 
She carries 3S officers and 456 men and cost the government $2,690,000. P ^ 1 flat surfaces - 

The Newark is a protected steel cruiser commissioned in February, 1801 Her length is om fo^t . 

her draft „ feet, her displacement 4 .„oS tons, and her speed , 9 knots. Her main baS co„W lifebt 

rifles, and her secondary battery has four 6-pounder, four 3-pounder, and two I-pounder rapid-fire guns four ,, null 
kiss revoivmg cannon, and four Gatlings, She cost the United States ^ 

The other classes of warships in our navy are all represented in this work. The Indiana, one of the finest battleships in the 

- xli — 


service, was commissioned on the 20th of November, 1895^ rfaVain battery containing four 13-inch, 

feet of displacement of 10,28s tons, an a s P e ' d arv battery of twenty 6 -pounder and six 1 pounder rapid-fire guns, 

eight 8 -inch, and four 6 -inch breech- loadmg rifles, and^eo^y battery oft^ y ^ ^ ^ 

and four Gatlings. Her armor is 18 inches thick. She co $3, ^ feet 2K incbes , her draft the same as the Indiana’s-24 

The Iowa is also a battleship Her length * 360 fe 1 was 8 Unots . Her armament is a main battery containing 
feet, displacement 11,300 tons, and her speed °^ thu ° ^ inch'rapid-fire guns, and a secondary battery of twenty 6-pounder 
four 12-inch and eight 8-inch breech-loading rifle and “ ^ ^ she carries 36 officers and 45 ° rnen. 

and four i-pounder rapid fire guns and four Gal ' ln ^' '' Chicago the San Francisco, the Atlanta, the Baltimore, the 
Among her sister ships are the **», «• °»*». ^ SST 'JTJZ - the Olympia, and four or five others, 

Xmme Abl'at b^^The Bennington. Concord and Yorlttown are 

representatives ^f^hi: ~ - ““ - * * — * ^ ^ 

construction was ordered by Congress m March 1S95. de f e nse was so strikingly demonstrated by the first craft of this 

The Miantonomoh is one of ^ hT ength is 259 feet 6 inches, her width 55 feet 10 inches, her draft 14 feet 6 

kind. She was commissioned in October 1891. Her le g 59 has four IO -inch breech-loading rifles, her secondary 

h- - v—— -—«— 

aDl ^ T^he'^tahdin is an odd-looking craft--a steel mm btu^ 1 ^^[j^^fee^jnch^s 15 her 6 draft*, s^eet/beTdisIllacetnent 20! 55^ ontg 
feet above the -»«.fire ««■ — * 

^r^“SeSri”eLatthebito,m, “^S'Xfr^bing,on. attracted 

. The ” t S>;: “ yZT 'she wJcomJtssioued in June, ,8,0,' and cos, *3SO,ooo. Her length is feet 4 inches, he, 

S £ «? H VL, her displacement „ tons, and her_speed2,* hnots. 


Her mam battery has three dynamite guns of 15-inch caliber, her secondary battery has three 3-pounder rapid-fire guns and 
she carries 6 officers and 64 men. & ’ 

Other vessels not named in the above classes are the Bancroft, the naval cadet practice cruiser, which was commissioned in 
March, 1893, is armed with a main battery and secondary battery, and carries 10 officers and 120 men; the dispatch boat Dolphin 
commissioned m 1885—she cost $315,000, has two batteries, and carries 7 officers and 10S men; the Puritan and the Amphitrite. 

The purchase of vessels for what is to be known as the auxiliary navy has gone on very rapidly, and the officers engaged in 
t re work of selection report that they have already secured a fleet which will considerably increase the effective power of the 
navy. The four fine ships sold by the Morgan line, which will be converted into cruisers, have been rechristened the Yankee the 
Dixie, the Prairie, and the Yosemite, in compliment to the North, South and West. 

„ It is never wise to underestimate the strength of an enemy, and a recent report of the naval power of Spain, compiled by an 
official of the War Department, will show that we shall need all the force at our disposal to cope upon the seas with the nation 
whose armada, three centuries ago, struck terror into England, and whose defeat destroyed the naval prestige of Spain. 

The total number of her ships, including those now building and the merchant vessels which may be impressed into her 
service, is more than one hundred. This estimate does not include the vessels for coast defense, nor a number of small craft 
employed for special purposes. There are eleven armored ships, all except three of which have a speed of 20 knots or more; 
thirty-eight cruising ships—which class includes cruisers, gunboats, torpedo boats, dispatch vessels and sloops of war. There are 
three gun vessels and four gunboats intended for service in Cuban waters, and also eighteen small steel gunboats for use in Cuba 
In the torpedo boat flotilla there are six torpedo boat destroyers sailing 28 knots and more, and sixteen torpedo boats sailing from 
8 to 25 *4 knots. There are also ships building—among them a battleship of 11,000 tons, an armored cruiser of 10,500 tons, two 
protected cruisers, the Reina Regente (Queen Regent) and the Rio de la Plata, the armored cruiser Pedro d'Aragon, the torpedo 
gunboat Velos, and several other torpedo gunboats not yet named. Thirteen vessels of the Transatlantic Company’of Cadiz are 
also said to be available for arming as cruisers. These ships range from 3,084 to 6,932 tons, and sail from 13^ to 17 knots an hour 


— xliii — 



REAR ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY. 





















REAR ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY. 

R E f* A ^ MIRAL GEORGE DEWEY, commander of the Asiatic squadron that annihilated the Spanish fleet in Manila bay 
aboard the 1 "“ ^i T .°* Ce ” ° f the United States * He reived his first experience under Admiral Farragut and 
fired upon P SS ‘ SRlppl ’ t0 whlch he was assi S ned for duty April i 9 , 1861, eight days before Fort Sumter was 

s tote c r s — e r. is r si -i ty '° ne yeir i ° id 1°? a native ° f vermonL He «>° <*** ** 

state in Sep ember 1857. When he was graduated four years later he was sent aboard the steam frigate Wabash and went on 
a cruise in the Mediterranean. He received his commission as a lieutenant when he was assigned to duty on the Mississippi 
which joined the West Gulf squadron. When Farragufs fleet forced an entrance to the Mississippi Lieutenant Dewey iZm 
the thickest of the fray upon the old steam sloop. y was m 

Pn m h°tf nted ^ ^ hi ? th<5 Mississi PP' ever t00k P art occurred in March, 1863, when the fleet tried to pass by the 
Confederate batteries at Port Hudson. Some of the ships managed to pass up to the narrow part of the channel where tfiey 
it ere fired upon by the shore batteries, being forced to retreat. But the Mississippi. did not attempt to get up into’the channel 
It was a foggy day made more obscure by the smoke of battle. The sloop lost its bearings and ran ashore. Before its officers 
were aware of it it had stuck directly under the guns of a battery which was one of the strongest of her fortifications It was 
only a brief breathing spell before 250 shots struck the Mississippi and riddled it from end to end. The obscurity made it 
possible for its crew to take to their boats after setting it on fire. ^ 

Commodore, then Lieutenant. Dewey got his first command in 1S70, when he performed special service with the Narragansett 
He made surveys of the Pacific coast until 1876, when he became a lighthouse inspector, afterward being secretary of the 
Lighthouse board. During 1882-83 he commanded the Juniata on the Atlantic station. " > 

In September, 1884, Lieutenant Dewey was made a captain and placed in charge of the Dolphin, one of the four vessels 
which formed the original “ vVhite Squadron.” He was placed in charge of the Pensacola of the European squadron in the fol¬ 
lowing year remaining as its commander until 1888, when he became the chief of the Bureau of Equipment and Recruiting with 
the rank ot Commodore. 

The duties and rank of Captain Dewey remained unchanged then until 1893. when he became a member of the Lighthouse 
board. He received his commission as commodore February 28, 1896, being about the same time made president of the Board 
of Inspection and Survey, which position he occupied until January of this year, when he was placed in command of the Asiatic 
squadron. 


l — 



MAJOR-GENERAL FITZHUGH LEE. 


2 












































GENERAL FITZHUGH LEE. 


pi I ZIILGH LEE was born in Clermont. Fairfax county, Va., on the 19th of November, 1835. He was graduated at the United 
States Military Academy in 1S56 and was commissioned second lieutenant in the Second cavalry. He was severely wounded 
in a fight with Indians, and in May, i860, was ordered to report at West Point as instructor of cavalry. At the beginning of the 
Civil war. in 1861, he resigned his commission and entered the Confederate service. He was first placed on staff duty and was 
adjutant-general of Ewell's brigade until September, 1861, when he was made lieutenant-colonel of the First Virginia cavalry. 
Later he was promoted colonel, and participated in all the campaigns of the army of Northern Virginia. On July 25, 1862 
he was made brigadier-general, and on September 3, 1863, major-general. In the battle of Winchester September 19. 1864,’ three 
horses were shot under him, and he was disabled by a severe wound which kept him from duty for several months. In March. 
1865, he was put in command of the whole cavalry corps of the army of Northern Virginia, and a month later he surrendered to 
General Meade at Farmville, after which he retired to his home in Stafford county. 

In 1874 he made a speech at Bunker Hill which attracted wide attention. In the winter and spring of 1882-3 he made a tour 
through the southern states, in the interest of the Southern Historical society. He was elected governor of Virginia in 1885. 
He was appointed Consul-general to Cuba by President Cleveland and showed remarkable skill and judgment in dealing with the 
serious problems which confronted him. President McKinley asked him to continue in office, whch he did until the rupture 
between this country and Spain. Later the President appointed him major-general. 

General Lee rendered inestimable services in protecting the American interests in Cuba. Although living in daily danger 
of assassination, he went about his duties in a quiet, unassuming way that inspired respect even from his enemies. When the 
time came for him to leave Havana he called upon Captain General Blanco, but that gentleman refused to see him. General Lee, 
offended at this act of official discourtesy, resolved to return to Havana as soon as circumstances permitted and renew his acquain- 
tance with Spain s representative in Cuba, but under conditions that would insure immediate recognition. On April 5th Consul- 
General Lee was ordered to return from Havana, and four days later the Spanish Cabinet decided to suspend hostilities in Cuba 
and General Lee and other American Consuls sailed for the United States. On the 12th of April General Lee declared before the 
Senate committee on foreign relations that Spanish officials knew of a plot to blow up the Maine. 

The horrors resulting from General Weyler's reconcentration order, resolved itself into a deliberate effort to exterminate the 
rural Cuban population by starvation. No effort was made to them, and to quote the words of Miss Clara Barton: “The Turks 
were far more merciful to the Armenians." It was at first known that among the reconcentrados were scores of citizens of the 
United States who were treated as rebellious subjects. It was here that General Lee filled his functions grandly. 



CAPTAIN WINFIELD SCOTT SCHLEY. 

















CAPTAIN WINFIELD SCOTT SCHLEY. 

C^APFAIN WINFIELD SCOTT SCHLEY was born near Frederick Md in rSm T4o t 

served in the navy with distinction during the war of iSas - Q - 3 j' , H Came from a llne of sailors. His father 

graduated at the head of his class from the naval academy four years later ap *?°'“ e<1 “ “ t,n S midshipman in 1S56, and was 
which vessel he served in China until ,86,. when he remrne" home ind after he “* 7 “ Niagara, on 

assigned to the West Gulf blockading squadron. He saw considerable selvice in the opemUon's on the 6 T 

was engaged in and successfully operated with field batteries, and subsequently in all e™ , * he Mississippi river. He 

of Port Hudson, La., from March 16 to July 9, 1863. ^ ® gements which led up to the capture 

He was engaged in several skirmishes and in cutting out under heaw fire entmon , . 

crates. For this he was honorably mentioned in special^orders. 0 “ fire> lW ° Schooners engaged in supplying the Confcd- 

He was commissioned lieutenant July 18, 1862, and served in southern waters doinv effe r • , 

honorably mentioned, until 1864. From then until 1866 he was attached to the steam h ® WUS 

served in her on the Pacific station. He suppressed an insurrection among the Chinese cooIieT n the ( n h'TT aml 

during the revolution in San Salvador a year later landed 100 men to protect the United StTifr^lu 0 , Chin ® h * islands in l8 ° 4 ’ ancl 

He was commissioned lieutenant-commander in July, 1866 on his return from the p °° f C and the custom nouse. 
years was assigned to duty at the naval academy. He served on the Asiatic station in the Benin T’ *** ■ f ° r th ® ” ext thrCU 
upon and the complete overthrow of the forces defending the forts on the Salu river in Korea nisTi the attack 

to the United States and was ordered to the naval academy as head of the department of a * 7 \ A 7 ^ h<3 rcturncd 

missioned commander in x8 74 .. During the next five vea» he served on South ^ ™ Com ' 

coast of Africa. rta and bouth Atlantic stations and the west 

When the Greely relief expedition was organized, he" was sent in command of it to the Wnrth p 1 
L.eutenant Greely and six survivors at Capo Sabine anti brought them back with great pro.Se hI" 8 """ He rescued 
medal by Congress for this, and partly as a reward he was promoted by President Irthm to chief . r'“ “Tv .* 8 ° ld 
and Recruiting, which place he held until 1889, when he resigned. While serving as chief of the > f f ! Bureau of Equipment 
He had many times been attached to the Lighthouse board. g bureau he was promoted captain. 

When the cruiser Baltimore was put in commission, Commodore Schlev was nlaeert ■> ., 

before that of the “ Flying Squadron,” was the cruiser New York, flagship of the North Atlantic^^mm 1 "’ ^ ^ C ° mmand ’ 

— 5 - 



CAPTAIN WILLIAM T. SAMPSON. 

- 6 - 
















CAPTAIN WILLIAM T. SAMPSON. 

QAPTAIN WM T. SAMPSON, commander-in-chief of the navy, was born in Palmyra, Wayne County N Y February - 
1S40. He is four months younger to the day than Commodore Winfield Scott Schlev who " * 9 ' 

the other important naval command on the Atlantic coast, the flying squadron Unlike Schle T J “ ass,gned to 

text books at his commaud and managed to attend the pnblte schools in the county at intervals 0 S Sqm e Wm H Sonth JcT 
Of Palmyra, liked young Sampson for his energy and ambition. The squire was a friend of F R T 

UnUedTtatesN TT * TT* C ° Unty ' Re P resenta t>ve Morgan had the right to appoint f midlhi'pman" to^he 

d States Naval Academy, and when Squire Southwick heard this he exerted himself in young Sampson's behalf 

Four year V s ^7 ^ “ September ° f that >' ear and d °™ed the natty uniform of a middy 

our years later, less than a year before the beginning of the Civil war, he was graduated at the head of hi* ti, 0 

mg of hostdities found him on the frigate Potomac, with the rank of master. 2 n 

wTle hotdfnTth T " ^ bUt £® COnd * cted himself in a manner that won him promotion to a lieutenancy in July 1S62 and 

South AtianSc hlo, H” J® ^ 0n the prECtice Ship J ° hn AdamS at the naval a ^emy, on the ironclad Patapsco of the 
Cantafn S ckad ' ng sc l uadron ' and 011 the steam frigate Colorado, the flagship of the European squadron. 

Captain Sampson, then a lieutenant, was the executive officer on the ironclad Patapsco on Tanuarv if, rstc w;= n <■ 
part of the blockading fleet before Charleston. The rebels knew that sooner or later the boals of The Unfot flT vT * 
domg blockade duty would seek to cuter the harbor and compel the surreudS of the chy or reduce d aud L Sat 7^ 

forget a On the T laying Submanae f mes and torpedoes preparatory to giving the Union boats a reception that they wouldn't 
orget. On the morning of the 16th, the admiral of the fleet decided that the time was ripe to sret into the Whnr Of 

7 ‘X ‘. hat ™ l f ° f »»d he had get rid of them income way. t selettthe LZS 

o the work She was ordered to enter the harbor searching for the hidden enemies, and to pick them up or destroy them 

W In ilf 6° Un VI ‘ n \ m T atC!y aft6r enteriDg the harb0r the boat struck a torpedo and was Mown to pieces 

In 1SG6, while on the Colorado, Captain Sampson received his commission as lieutenant-commander. From 186S to 1871 


he was at the naval academy, and in 1872 and the following year was in Europe and elsewhere on the Congress. His first command 
was the Alert to which he was assigned in 1874- From 1876 to 1878 he was again at the Naval Academy, and ten years later he 
became superintendent. Since the formation of the new navy he has commanded the San Francisco and the Iowa. From 1 93 
to 1897 he was chief of the bureau of naval ordinance. 




OFFICERS OF THE FLAGSHIP NEW YORK-Captain F. E. Chadwick is chief of 
who are proud of their magnificent battleship and hope to achieve great victories when 

are D D Stuar? P F ni W Coffin Tt ^he Jteutenant-commander is W. P. Potter and the lieutenants 
are u. u. Stuart, K W. Coffin, R. T. Mulligan and E. E. Capehart. The medical inspector is M (' 
Drennan. I he captain of marines is R. Wallach, and R. H. Lane is the lieutenant of marines ' 

— 9 — 

















TTTNIOR OFFICERS OF THE FLAGSHIP NEW YORK-The ensigns aboard the flagship 
are l Sle,] R E ?5 E L. Bennett anti F. H. Brumby. The cadets are I C Palmer, F. E. 
Ridelev C. L. Poor, H. C. Mustin, E. McCauley, A. Kantz, N. L. Jones and O. D. Duncan. A, 
Burtis is the pay inspector and C. J. MacConnell is the chief engineer. 

— 10 — 























CAPTAIN AND OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES BATTLESHIP MAINE —Little 
did they reck of danger and dire destruction when this photograph was taken, but their loss is the 
country’s loss, and the United States has not been slow to avail itself honorably of the war cry "Re¬ 
member the Maine.” The brave men who were sacrificed with the ship will never be forgotten. 

— 11 — 



















JUNIOR OFFICERS OF THE MAINE— The younger officers of the Maine were sorely dis¬ 
appointed when duty forbade them enjoying the pleasures of Havana in February. Precautions in 
view of possible trouble kept them aboard, yet they little thought of the cruel enemy that lurked 
beneath their noble ship. 


—12 













PETTY OFFICERS OF THE MAIMF_c M u 

etc., are known as petty officers. They correspond to non rnmmif S nav >’- such as gunner 

a domestic circle was broken up by the 7 sacrifice of life aboard Z ofhL ' ers ln th e army. Man 

low-citizens are ready to sacrifice their life's blood to revenge the but man y thousands of fe 


—13 — 


















1 



MARINES FROM THE . 

samanship to field maneuvering and from can p t on deck an d fine next m a 

larine’s life make him an all around fighter. One day he is y £ew hours storming a 

&> *»■» »'«"»»»^ to 

tage S ■ fca ieS S to fee solil marchmg of the foot soldier. or vice versa. 
























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MAINE WRECKAGE AMIDSHIPS FROM PORT SIDE —The destructive character of the 
explosive used in the mine that blew up the Maine is plainly aparent 111 " n 

plates frames and machinery. The wreckers at woik are expene g difficult to be- 

of mankind. 


















, TAKING a DIVER'S REPORT— After a considerable stay beneath the dirty waters of Havana 
harbor, securing the most substantial of the evidence that everywhere abounded to prove the cause 

hT, i M r l T tn deSt ffi Ctl ° n .’ tht : dlvers ) vould return to th e surface of the water and carefully relate all 
particulars to the officers in charge of the attending boats. The photograph was taken' just as -i 

the shde of C tl^ e hoit wlt .J h son ? e 1111 P°ftant discoveries, and Ensign Powelson can be seen standing on 
tht side of the boat, with nofe book m hand, ready to write down all the diver has to say. 

- 17 - 



























THE MAINE WRECK— The part of the wreckage here shown had a very important bearing 
upon the verdict of the board of inquiry. The Spanish officials decided to secure the aid of diveis 
and examine the wreck for their own satisfaction. This they were permitted to do and special atten¬ 
tion was given to this section of the wreckage. As all the world knows by this time, they made a 
report to their home government, but it has not been made public, although guarded uttterances have 
shown that they did not find, or professed not to find, any evidence that would bring the crime home to 
their own countrymen or prove that the explosion was produced by outside agencies. 

— 18 — 















ANOTHER VIEW OP THE MAINE WRECK —The ooze and slime in Havana harbor 
greatly increased the difficulties of recovering the bodies of the victims. No sooner was a piece of 
wreckage detached from the main bulk than it began to sink in the mud at the bottom of the harbor 
and the divers struggled manfully to save the disappearing evidence. - They had experiences that are 
seldom niet with. The first duty was to recover the bodies and the second to secure evidence. 
Although the dictates of humanity demanded that everything else be subservient to the care of the 
martyred seamen, there was sufficient and indisputable evidence found to convince even the skeptical 
that Captain Sigsbee’s ship had met with a treacherous fate. 

— 19 — 



















PAYMASTER’S STATE ROOM—The state rooms on the Maine 
were fitted in taste that was truly American, and the paymaster’s room, 
shown above, is a picture of coziness and comfort. 



















CAPTAIN A. S. CROWN INSHIELD —On duty at the Chief Bureau of Navigation Captain 
Crowmnshield was captain of the ill-fated Maine prior to Captain Charles D. Sigsbee^eing appointed 
to the command of that vessel, which will evermore figure in the histories of this country. PP 

— 21 — 






















f 










SECRETARY HERBERT VISITING THE MAINE-Every incident in the life of the lost 
battleship Maine is affectionately recalled when the momentous fate of that magnificent vessel is 
spoken of. When she was ready for her trial of speed Secretary and Mrs. Herbert went aboaVd and 
were received with befitting honors. The secretary inspected every part of the ship’s equipment, 
including the men and their quarters. This was of particular interest in view of the fact that every 
part of the Maine was of American manufacture. The act which authorized her construction made 
the provision that everything about the Maine should be home made. 

— 22 — 

















every age of phvsical^stnsngth and^h^^was^to be°found^n'tl^ a?- U ^ b t0 "' e11 developed manhood, 
spinning yarns to feats of Strength, the Maine's creTwas thornn<?h! C ° mpaDy ° f the Maine - From 
States navy and all the crews of other ships that had come in cont^f w Xf ntatlVe the United 
talisman when fighting than a recollection of the bright faces on the battlesh^ ’ ^ haVC n ° bette,: 

- 23 - 






















OFFICERS' QUARTERS.ON THE «"NE^ a 

SllliSSS hourTISns'pentSe officers' quarters aboardV Maine amid the fragrance of tobacco 
smoke and cheerful conversation. ^ 24 — 




















MASTER AT ARMS MESS ON BOARD THE MAINE— A generous diet is never begrudged 
American seamen by the citizens of this country, and the exposure and training undergone by naval 
men justify good living, which tells in time of war, when muscle, nerve and S s inew are called into 
actmn, and Victories that set the world awondenng are recorded against the expenses of keeping a 
powerful navy. There are no dinner tables on land or sea to equal a sailors’ mess for good humor and 
good appetites—the preludes to deeds of daring. s numor anci 

— 25 — 





















GUNNER’S GANG ON THE MAINE—The full dress appearance of a ship screw at quarters 
is not the invariable condition of the men during all the duties aboard ship. In the above photograph 
the gunner’s gang is shown in costumes befitting the work of cleaning and oiling the guns and keeping 
the "metal work in the polished condition the visitor sees it when he goes on board a well-ordered 
man-of-war. 


— 26 — 








sometimes spokeiPof as to^pelo^ns^Thf e^osi^wk^ whf-h to , rpedo tubes ’ °r what ar 
of three distinct ways: by contact, by concussion or bve£ctHcU T» P f° 18 char ^ ed is fired ^ on, 
being made more deadly, and, with very few exc’enti.msVh^Vr 6Very - vear the torpedo i: 

one to six tubes. Y exceptions, all the United States battleships carry fron 


27 












c ,. lr i t- c TI rK FYFRfl^E ON THE MAINE —One of the most unexpected happenings in 

mmmsmmm. 


the test. 


- 28 — 






















destroyed in the S harbor otSmia.^ Th^pSeers of®an arm? 0/ in baUleship Maine so treacherously 
dig trenches, make bridges and prepare for the } f lnvasion are detailed to form roads* 
bear a corresponding relation to the fighting men aboald^mann^ ^ th * pion , eers ab °ve pictured 
bags and as few appurtenances as possible 8 these muscular nft' Armed with axes and tool 

space of a few hours. muscular fellows oftentimes work wonders in the 


-29 — 





























„ ,, FrK COOKS ON BOARD THE MAINE— To prepare three meals a day tor a 

lack TarfqurtSgmtte Inost^nvenient attitude while he polished a potato dish, but the polishings 
ind rubbings and S scrubbings lead to very brilliant results besides being compulsory. 

— 30 — 





























FIREMEN AND COAL PASSERS ON THE MAINR my, 

crew for whom the whole country is in sorrow Theirfh~ T T ar , e ROme more of the Maine 
dirtiest and most wearing of any of the ship's duties In time "' as P robabl y the 

are incessantly at work, deep in the body of the shin 1V1 f / war the firemen and coal passers 
they can hear the terrible roL of cannon Ll realizeThat am momeff 1 ° f . da ^er. But all tfe time 
mg through the bowels of the ship and sweep them into eternitv t, ;. . a ^ lant sb ?t ma y come crush- 
our seamen pass without a murmur. IS a severe ordeal through which 


— 31 — 

























• 1 



_ _ I7r? T (-.cc ntr thp MAINE —The members of the board of 
BOARD OF INQUIRY INT ° ^HE L<^S OF ^ Chadwick, Lieutenant-Commander 

iquiry, appointed by the government, were Cap Commander William P. Potter. Captain 

tdolph Manx, Captain William T Sampson Lieute^t^nwn^ ^ ^, ere 

iampson acted as president, and anchored near the 'wreck in Havana harbor. The 

*X*^*^“ ^ *" “ s “ i0 " 0,1 the ,5 ‘ h Apri1, The "' h0 ' e V '° rld k “ M ” 

he result of their sad duty. 


— 32 — 






























the e H nmn A ce “ Re £ la ” shore and.it shows 

Fort Cabanas is clearly shown on the opposite side at^t'he 7?^ be 1 seetl . Havana c,t y. while 

destroyed, and it was here that the Ar left U was close b >’ that the Maine was 

the board of inquiry held theS ^^^^"^1^of ’ ^e S^hiS° r Tl^ ll!?le M membe, 't° f 
since shown very plucky sympathy with the verdict. ' *' h Itt e Mangrove has 

- 33 — 

























SoTiS Sft «-*?££ - *. U of Mexico end 

fills the passing navigator with wonder and awe. 





















Cabanas, which isv^thSfss,'of'v^y'conside^^ Castle loo “ s the less formidable Fortress 

pean country has so many castles, forts and fortifications to so fm Cf if St < efense ' Probably no Euro 
colonies. The people of the Iberian peninsular are annarantl & area as s P aj n has in all hei 

which are more suited to the Middle A<^es than to th ap P arentl y enable to abandon their customs 

" B “ a? «*■* 

— 35 





































THE CITY AND BAY OF MATANZAS-Prom thetog of .camg 
graph was taken, and it gues a Me ... ^ : s no t heard of so often as smaller cities and 

towns that^r^more^in'the^ine'oF^Uigerent itivaders. Its^c^nmerce^in^timM 

it - offering ^ every other town in the Pearl of the 
Antilles. _ 36 __ 

















J. ... k 








1 / jj - .iw.4^. 






LOWER END OF HAVANA BAY— The vessels shown in the photograph are steamers m 
loading their cargoes and taking coal aboard for the return trip. This picture was taken iust heforJ 
the beginning of hostilities, and the fort known as "Fort Number Four " can be seen in the distance 
Havana harbor is one of the finest in the world, and with so fertile an eland n-frw, ^ T 

the extreme to think of the years of suffering and devastation that have preceded the active stens 
toward pacification now being taken by the United States. P ea tne actlve steps 


-37 — 




















resary® 

rapid-fire guns, six ‘•P“”^f “Kt Jot s “ 2 “ 34 officers and 416 mem cost. J1.706.ooo. Flagship of 
AdTr^DcwCT in Sgagcmcnt'w.th tl.e Spaniards under Admiral Montejo at Manila, May 1st, 1698. 

— 38 

























REINA MARIA CHRISTINA (Spanish)—The flagship of the Spanish fleet at Manila, was 
burned and sunk on May ist, 1898, by the effective fire from Commodore Dewey's guns. Commander 
Cadarzo went down with the burning flagship. Admiral Montejo was urged during the enjiasre- 
ment, to transfer his flag from the Reina Maria Christina to the Isla de Cuba, and he followed the 
advice just in time to escape destruction. No sooner had he gotten away from the doomed vessel 
than it was enveloped in flames. 


-39 — 





















RAT TIMORE _Twin-screw, steel, protected cruiser; 4,600 tons displacement; length, 327 feet 6 

inches- breadth 48 feet 6 inches; mean draft, 19 feet 7 inches; horse power, 10,064 ; mam battery, 
four 8-inch and six 6-inch breech-loading rifles; secondary batttery, four 6-pounder and two 3-pounder 
raoid Are guns, two i-pounder rapid-fire cannons, four 37-imllimetre Hotchkiss revolving cannons and 
two Gatlings- speed, 20.09 knots; crew, 36 officers and 350 men; cost, $1,426,504.93. With Admiral 
Dewev’s fleet in the fight with the Spaniards at Manila, May x, 1898. 

3 —40 — 











CrUiSCr: 3 ’ 213 tonS displacement; length, 300 feet; 

rapid-fire guns; secondary battery eight 6-p S oun de rTapid°fire mins' batter y> ten 5-mch and one 6-inch 
and two Gatlings- speed 10 knots - crew L 1 , g s ’ four ^pounder rapid-fire cannons 

Dewey in the afniilS 3 tttpaSfhhfe.'SS.^y — » W » A<tai "“ 


— 41 — 





















NEW V ORK— Twin-screw, steel adored cruiser; ‘Set 

inches; breadth, 64 feet io inches, mean <. • , on the barbettes; main battery, six 8-inch 

on the sides, $'/ 2 inches on the turrets, a secondary battery, eight 6-pounder and four 
































IOWA.— First class, twin-screw, steel battleship; 11,296 tons displacement; length. 360 feet- 
breadth, 72 feet 2 y 2 inches; mean draft, 24 feet; horse power, 12,105; armor, 14 inches on the sides 
from s'A —15 inches on the turrets, and from 6—15 inches on the barbettes; main battery, four 12- 
mch, eight 8-inch, and six 4-inch rapid-fire guns; secondary battery, twenty 6-pounder and four 
i-pounder rapid-fire guns and four Gatlings; speed, 17.087 knots; crew, 36 officers and 460 men - cost 
$3,010,000. ' ’ ’ 


— 43 - 




















VIZCAYA (Spanish)—Iron, barbette, armored cruiser; 7,000 tons displacement; length, 340 feet; 
breadth 65 feet; maximum draft, 21 feet 6 inches; horse power, 13,000; armor belt 12 inch, gun 
io>Z inch deck plating 3 inch; batteries, two 11-mch, ten 5.5-mch rapid-fire, two 2.7-inch, 
eight 12 2-inch, four 1.4-inch, and two muzzle loading rifled guns; six torpedo tubes; speed, 20 knots; 
officers and crew, 500; cost, $600,000. 


- 44 - 















INDIANA— First class, twin-screw, steel battleship- IO ->8S tons i 

breadth, 69 feet 3 inches; mean draft, 24 feet- horse power 0 7-S- armor I ^ ent ' len g th . 34§ feet 
from 6-15 inches on the turrets, and from 6-17 inchesC the^barbettes' ™ in °f the sides ' 

eight 8-inch, and four 6-inch breach-loading rifles secondary battery Crania ^ tery ' four *3-inch, 
calibre; speed, 15-547 knots; crew, 38 officers g and 438 men; cost, §3,020:000. P d ' fire guus of smali 


— 45 — 



























INFANTA MARIA TERESA (Spanish)—Steel, barbette, armored cruiser; 7,000 tons displace- 
torpedo tubes) speed, 20.25 knots; officers and crew, 500; cost, $600,000. 















1 f »nc,H U r^ T f A ^7 T T n ' 3C t reW ’ ,Tu n -- d ? uble turret moni tor for coast defense; 6,060 tons displacement- 
' 289 feet 6 inches; breadth, 00 feet \ '/ 2 inches; mean draft, 18 feet; horse power 3 700- armor’ 

14 inches on the sides, 8 inches on the turrets, and 14 inches on the barbettes P main batterv four 
12-inch breech-loading rifles and two 4-inch rapid-fire guns; secondary batterv, six 6-pounder ^rapid- 

§. uns ’ fou , r Gfmgs and two ^-millimetre Hotchkiss revolving cannons; speed 1-4 knots - crew 
22 officers and 208 men; cost, $3,178,046. r ' 4 KUOls > crew - 


— 47 — 
























NAVARRA (Spanish)—Cruiser; wooden hull; 3 .342 tons d ^P lace “^^ le ^ e ’ plwe^JJo^blt- 

mm ^ •*- •* 

torpedo tubes; speed, 14 knots an hour; officers and crew, 300. 




























length. 259 



— 49 - 


























INFANTA ISABEL (Spanish)-Iron cruiser; 1.130 

inches; breadth, 32 feet 2 inches; maximum dra , 5 - and four muzzle loadir 

batteries four 4.7-inch (Hontona guns), two 2.7-inch, three rapia nre. auu 
guns; two torpedo tubes; speed, 14 knots an hour; officers and crew, 130. 



feet 11 
1,500; 
g rifled 

























breadth E f G °f^7 F ! irSt twin * s f re } v ' steel battleship; 10,28s tons'displacement • length feet- 

smm ssssssHstfss 












— 51 — 
























NUEVA ESPANA (Spanish)—Steel cruiser; 630 tons displacement; length, 190 ■ ect; breadth, 
o, feet- maximum draft, 11 feet 9 inches; two propellers; horse power, 2,600; batteries, two 4.7-inch 
(~Honto'ria) and four 2.2-inch rapid-fire guns with one muzzle loading rifled gun; two toipedo tu les, 
speed, 18 knots an hour; officers and crew, 91. 


— 52 - 














sides, from 6-15 inches mithe toets and from rfi, powe f- IO - 4 ° 3 . armor, 18 inches on the 

13 -inch, eight 8-inch, and four 6-inch rifles secondary battery 31 rapid^Sf SisTf’ a smalf e ^i-S )Ur 
speed, 16.21 knots; crew, 32 officers and 441 men; cost, $3,020,000, ^ ^ al callbre » 


53 - 





















TEXAS-Second class, twin-screw, steel battleship; 6,315 tons displacement ; length 30i fcet a 
inches- breadth 6a feet 1 inch- mean draft, 22 feet 6 inches; horse power, 8,610. armor, sides ana 
turret 12 inches thick- main battery, two 12-inch and six 6-inch breech-loading rifles; secondary 
battery, six 1-pounder' rapid-fire guns, four 37-millimetre Hotchkiss revolving cannons, and two 
Gatlings; speed, 17 knots; crew, 30 officers and 359 men; cost, $2,500,000. 

— 54 
































inches; breadth *64 le'ct" mean draft^' 24^ ti'/'t 'n cru ‘ ser 9.153 tons displacement; length. 400 feet 

rapid-hre gnns anyone t^sK'a^S 

— 55 — 





















MINNEAPOLIS—Triple-screw, steel, protected cruiser; 7,375 tons displacement; length, 411 
feet 7 inches: breadth, 58 feet 2 inches; mean draft, 22 feet 6 inches; horse power, 20,862; mam 
battery, one 8-inch breech-loading rifle, two 6-inch and eight 4-inch rapid-fire guns; secondary batter}, 
twelve 6-pounder and four 1-pounder rapid-fire guns, and four Gatlings; speed, 23.7 knots an nour. 
crew, 38 officers and 656 men; cost, $2,690,000. 


- 56 — 













inches; breadth,^58 Jeet^s inches': S mea'n^draft ^2 feetTVuoh” displacement; Ien gth, 411 feet 7 
battery, two 6-inch and eieht a-inch* ,-nniri fi’rd" b 1 ^ 1Ldles: horse power, 18,509; armament, main 
battery, twelve 6-pounder rapid-fire guns four 1 founder'ranh? fi 8 ' lnch bre ech-loading rifle; secondary 
•*» ti,ots “ can ° 0,, ‘' a Gaillngs; sp “ d ' 


-57- 





























BOSTON—Single screw, steel, protected cruiser; 3,189 tons displacement; length, 270 feet 3 
inches; breadth, 42 feet; mean draft, 17 feet; horse power, 4,030; main battery, six 6-inch and two 
8-inch breech-loading rifles; secondary battery, two 6-pounder and two 3-pounder rapid-fire guns, 
two 1-pounder rapid-fire cannons, two 47-millimetre Hotchkiss revolving cannons and two Gatlings; 
speed, 15.6 knots; crew, 19 officers and 265 men; cost, §809,923.44. With Admiral Dewey’s fleet in the 
destruction of the Spaniards at Manila, May 1, 1898. 

— 58 — 


















CONCORD—Twin-screw, steel, gunboat; 1,710 tons displacement; length, 230 feet- breadth s6 
feet, mean draft 14 feet; horse power, 3,405; armament, main battery, six 6-inch breech-load’ine- 
rifles; secondary battery, two 6-pounder and two 3-pounder rapid-fire guns, two 37-millimetre Hotel? 
kiss revolving cannons and two Gatlings; speed. 16.8 knots; crew, 13 officers and 180 men rnci 
$490,000. One of the U. S. fleet m the engagement with the Spaniards at Manila on May 1 189S ^ 





























PETREL—Single screw, steel, gunboat; 892 tons displacement; length, 176 feet; breadth, 31 
feet; mean draft, 11 feet 7 inches; horse power, 1,095; armament, main battery, four 6-inch breech¬ 
loading rifles; secondary battery, one i-pounder rapid-fire gun, two 37-millimetre Hotchkiss revolving 
cannons and two Gatlings; speed, 11.7 knots; crew, 10 officers and 122 men; cost, $307,966.55. In the 
engagement with the Spanish fleet at Manila, May r, 1898. 

— 60 — 





















.5 fe« R 6 ^e°s N mf," i 3 i 7 'TfS e o 120 «■* length. , 4 „ tee,- h-endth 

g,™ and three .8-ineh Whitehead torpedo 

- 61 — 



























r - 





K AT AH DIN-T win-screw, steel, harb 1 ^ ef ®J 1S ® e ^ n horse 5 pTver^Soo! “i'Tinches thick 9 ; 
nches; breadth, 43 feet 5 inches; mean draft, 15 , fee f “J,. r . r ^J , n officers and or men: cost, 

)atteries. 


Tour 6-pounder rapid-fire guns; speed, 17 knots an hour; crew 


$q30,ooo. 


-62“ 





















breadth, 26 feet 6 inehes^mlan^raft.^o‘feet f ffich^horst^n l ° nS displacement; le ”gth, 2 S2 feet; 
three 15-inch dynamite guns; secondary batten- thr ’ ° r ' SL P , ower ’ 3 . 796 ; armament, main batterv 
crew, 6 officers and 64 men; cost?$ 35 oS 0 3 -pounder rapid-fire guns; speed, 2I , 4 knots’; 


- 63 - 



























A mtti: rnwc; The three guns here shown are the powerful 15-mch dynamite guns in tli 
DYNAMITE GUNS— the tnree guns 1 ribed w j t h photograph on another page. The 

mam battery of the Vesuvius, which ls , ,' - th comure ssed air The speed of the Vesuvius 

projectiles from these deadly weapons are launched fas P test cru isers; and if she can escape the 

^ a ^ inst its side ifc would 

Ind the career of the adversary in a moment. 


-64 — 





























DYNAMITE GUNS BELOW DECK 


K, In , thls Photograph the below-deck part of the dynamite 
vessel were built around the guns, so^mportmt^TOrt^do ' °“ e mi b rht almost suppose the 

With many tons of dynamite in* ? her magSes the' Vetuvfus s ^ot onf ^ T ?° nStruCtion of ship, 
fleet, but also to her own crew. One shot from a dln*S °?i° n L y ?/* a ? ly menace to the enemy's 

well-directed shot from the enemy were to strike the Yesnv n/, a battIeshi P> but if one 

explosion of its own cargo. ' t e \ esuvius it would be blown to fragments by the 


- 65 - 


























Copyright, 1889, by h. H. Hart. 

CHICAGO— Steel, twin-screw, protected cruiser; 4.5oo tons displacement; length, 325 feet 
breadth 4S feet - inches; mean draft, 19 feet; horsepower, 9,000; armament, main battery, four 
S inch eieht 6-lnch and two 5-inch breech-loading rifles; secondary battery, nine 6-pounder rapid-fire 
euns four i-pounder rapid-fire cannons, two 37-millimetre Hotchkiss revolving cannons, and two 
Gatlings; speed, 15.10 knots an hour; crew, 33 officers and 376 men; cost, $1,245,776.46- 































PHILADELPHIA—Steel, twin-screw protected rniispr- ♦ f°P^hted, 1*93. b r Hart. 

6 inches; breadth. 43 feet 6 inches ■ mean’ draft , rl I ' \3 2 -I tons displacement; length, 327 fee 
twelve 6-inch breech-loading rifles-’secondary batterv four*? ?? v ^ er ’ S,8l5; main battery 

rapid-fire cannons, three Sf SStS?g3S^"" *»?•* 

knots an hour; crew, 34 officers and 350 men; cost. *1.424,864.85“ Gatlings; speed, i 9 .i 




— 67 — 



























NEWARK_Steel, twin-screw, protected cruiser; 4,098 tons displacement; length, 310 feet; 

breadth 49 feet 2 inches; mean draft, 18 feet 9 inches; horse power, 8,869; armament mam battery, 
twelve 6-inch breech-loading rifles; secondary battery, four 6 pounder rapid-fire guns, four 3-pounder 
rapid-fire cannons, four 37-millimetre Hotchkiss revolving cannons, and four Gatlings; speed, 19 knots 
an hour; crew, 34 officers and 350 men; cost, $i, 379> 8 97-47- 

-68 — 



















MONTEREY— Twin -screw, steel, barbette turret low free-boarrl mnnif-nr- a , ,. 

ment; length 256 feet; breadth, 59 feet; mean draft, ’14 feet 6 inches; horse power* 8 * dlsplace ' 

12-inch and S1 two i^inch'breechdoaSngriffes- SSiSrjTbatterfTixi n^d***’’ “ batte^wo 
£?62 , 8 n |5o? nd f ° Ur I ‘ P ° Under rapid - fire cannons ’i «Peed, 13.6 knots;’ crew,% officers"and'17!S;’colt! 


- 69- 

















Copyright, 1893, by Hart. 


SAN FRANCISCO—Steel, twin-screw, protected cruiser; 4,088 tons displacement; length, 310 
feet; breadth, 49 feet 2 inches; mean draft, 18 feet 9 inches; horse power, 9,913; main battery, 
twelve 6-inch breech-loading rifles; secondary battery, four 6-pounder and four 3-pounder rapid-fire 
guns, two i-pounder rapid-fire cannons, three 37-millimetre Hotchkiss revolving cannons, and four 
Gatlings; speed, 19.5 knots an hour; crew, 33 ofiicers and 350 men; cost, $1,609,745.71. 

— 70 — 
















breadth A 4 6 fe^f; T meau drlf™ 6 ^ displacement; length, 312 feet; 

6-mch breech-loading rifles; secondary battery’ four 6 corn batt ® ry - two 8 - nch and six 

r-pounder rapid-fire cannons, four 37-millimetre Hntrhidild d , GV ° 3 'P ounder rapid-fire guns, two 
speed, 18,2 knots; crew, 20 officers and 2“^SnfcoS, Jr ^s^Io. K C “ n0DS «■* «"> G “1™S^ 


— 71 — 

























MIANTONOMAH—Twin-screw, iron, double-turreted monitor; 3,990 tons displacement; length, 
259 feet 6 inches; breadth, 55 feet 10 inches; mean draft, 14 feet 6 inches; horse power, 1,426; armor, 
7 inches on sides and 11.5 inches on turrets: main battery, four 10-inch breech-loading rifles; 
secondary battery, two 6-pounder and two 3-pounder rapid-fire guns, and two 1-pounder rapid-fire 
cannons; speed, 10.5 knots; crew, 13 officers and 136 men; cost, $3,178,046. 

- 72 - • 












MONADNOCK— Twin-screw, iron, double-turreted monitor; 3,990 tons displacement; length 250 
feet 6 inches; breadth, 55 feet 10 inches; mean draft, 14 feet 6 inches; horsepower, 3,000 armor 
9 inches on sides, 7.5 inches on turrets and 11.5 inches on barbettes; main battery four 10-inch breech- 
loadmg rifles and two 4-mch rapid-fire guns; secondary battery, two 6-pounder and two 3-pounder 
rapid-hre guns, two 37-millimetre Hotchkiss revolving cannons, and two i-pounder rapid-fire cannons- 
speed, 14.5 knots; crew, 26 officers and 145 men; cost, $3,178,046. 


— 73 — 










TERROR —Twin-screw, iron, double-turreted monitor; 3,990 tons displacement; length, 259 feet 
6 inches; breadth, 55 feet 10 inches; mean draft, 14 feet 6 inches; horse power, 1,600; armor, 7 inches 
on sides and 11.5 inches on turrets; main battery, four 10-inch breech-loading rifles; secondary battery, 
two 6-pounder and two 3-pounder rapid-fire guns, two Gatlings and two 37-millimetre Hotchkiss 
revolving cannons; speed, 12 knots; crew, 15 officers and 136 men; cost, $3,178,046. 

— 74 — 




















hr Pa H/h N ^ I ^ N ^ TI_T 'TT re r^ Steel V pr0tecteli cruiser = 3,183 tons displacement; length, 300 feet- 
eadth, 42 feet, mean draft, 18 feet; horse power, 10,000; main battery, ten 5-inch and one 6-inch 
rapid-fire guns; secondary battery, eight 6-pounder rapid-fire guns, two i-pounder rapid-fire cannons 
and two Gatlings; speed, 19 knots; crew, 20 officers and 292 men; cost, $1,100,000, 

- 75 - 


























& 


1 

t 



MONTGOMERY—Twin-screw, steel, unprotected cruiser; 2,079 tons displacement; length, 257 
feet; breadth, 37 feet; mean draft, 14 feet inches; horse power, 5,580; main battery, nine 5-inch 
rapid-fire guns; secondary battery, six 6-pounder rapid-fire guns, two i-pounder rapid-fire cannons 
and two Gatlings; speed, 19.5 knots; crew, 20 officers and 254 men; cost, $612,500. 

- 76 - 


















innh^ T h^rlT>f W screw » ste ®J* protected cruiser; 3,189 tons displacement; length, 270 feet 3 

8 hldi ’hreerh Inn f \nI ri1” 6 ^ I7 , feet; horse Power, 4,030; main battery, six 6-inch and two 

r" ° Ch bree ® h ‘ load }ng rifles; secondary battery, two 6-pounder and four 3-pounder rapid-fire truns 

sneed"^c U f n Unot raPld fire can £ ons ’ tw ° 47 -millimetre Hotchkiss revolving cannons and two Gatlings’ 
speed, 15.6 knots; crew, 19 officers and 265 men; cost, $805,711.64. 

— 77 — 





















MARBLEHEAD—Twin-screw, steel, unprotected cruiser; 2,089 tons displacement; length, 257 
feet; breadth, 37 feet; mean draft, 14 feet 7 inches; horse power, 5,451; armament, main battery, 
nine 5-inch rapid-fire guns; secondary battery, six 6-pounder rapid-fire guns, two i-pounder rapid-fire 
cannons and two Gatlings; speed, 18.4 knots an hour; crew, 20 officers and 254 men; cost, $674,000, 

- 78 - 

























NANTUCKET—Iron, single-turreted monitor; coast defense; 187=; tons disnlmoment• 
power 340; batteries, two 15-inch smooth bore guns; speed, 7 knots an hour- cosl ^ 

keel of this boat was laid in 1862. Loaned to North Carolina Naval Militia ’ l ’ ^ 8 ’ 9 


— 79 — 


horse 

The 



























BENNINGTON—Twin-screw, steel, gunboat; 1,710 tons displacement ; length, 230 feet; breadth, 
36 feet; mean draft, 14 feet; horse power, 3,436; main battery, six 6-inch breech-loading rifles; 
secondary battery, two 6-pounder and two 3-pounder rapid-fire guns, two 37-millimetre Hotchkiss 
revolving cannons and two Gatlings; speed, i7.sknots; crew, 16 officers and 181 men; cost, $553,875.55. 

- 80 — 
















YORKTOWN Twin-screw, steel, gunboat; 1,710 tons displacement; length, 230 feet - breadth 
36 feet; mean draft 14 feet; horse power, 3,392; armament, main battery, six 6-inch breech-loading 
rifles; secondary battery, two 6-pounder and two 3-pounder rapid-fire guns, two 37-millimetre Hotrh 
kiss revolving cannons and two Gatlings; speed, 16.14 knots; crew, 14 officers and 178 men cost 


- 81 - 





















hr,.., hi, r . ^"’in-scrow, steel, torpedo boat; i 3 o tons displacement; length, 175 feet g inches; 
c ■ , , C< V • , P ettn ^’"dt, $ feet 6 inches; armament, four i-pounder rapia-fire guns and three 

c,' ’ ] u c lead torpedo tubes; speed, 27.5 knots an hour; crew, 4 othcers and 16 men; cost, 
$147,000, '1 he normal coal supply is nine tons. 


82 















CUSHING— Twin-screw, steel, torpedo boat; 105 tons displacement; length, 130 feet- breadth 
14 feet 3 inches; mean draft, 4 feet n inches; horse power, 1,720; armament, three 1-pounder ranid- 
cost S $82 75Q 1 l8 *' nch Whitehead tor P edo tubes; speed, 22.5 knots; crew, 3 officers and 20 men; 


83 












HELENA—Twin-screw, steel, light draft gunboat; 1,392 tons displacement; length, 250 feet 9 
inches; breadth, 40 feet 1 y% inches; mean draft, 9 feet; horse power, 1,600; armament, main battery, 
eight 4-inch rapid-fire guns; secondary battery, four 6-pounder and four i-pounder rapid-fire guns and 
two Gatlings; speed, 13 knots; crew, 10 officers and 160 men; cost, $280,000. 

-84 — 



















v-upj ngiiL, 






^ LPH l N 7 S ^ ,? CI ?' V> st f el > dispatch boat; 1,486 tons displacement; length, 240 feet- 
readth, 32 feet, mean draft, 14 feet 3 inches; horse power, 2,253; armament main batterv two 
4-inch rapid-fire guns; secondary battery, two 6 -pounder rapid-fire guns, two 47-millimetre Hotchkiss 
revolving cannons and two Gatlings; speed, 15.5 knots; crew, 7 officers and 108 men| ^315X00 

- 8S — 






















MACHIAS—Twin-screw, steel, gunboat; 1,177 tons displacement; length, 204 feet; breadth, 32 
feet; mean draft,'12 feet; horse power, 2,046; main battery, eight 4-inch rapid-fire guns; secondary 
battery, four 6-pounder and two i-pounder rapid-fire guns; speed, 15.4 knots; crew, n officers and 
143 men; cost, $318,500. 


- 86 

















FERN—Single screw, wooden, transport steamer; 1,840 tons displacement. This vessel is used 
at the North Atlantic station. At present it is attached to the squadron in Cuban waters. 

- 87 - 
























Y AN TIC—Single screw, wooden, cruiser; 900 tons displacement; length, 179 feet 6 inches; 
breadth, 30 feet; horse power, 310; main battery, two 9-inch smooth-bore guns, one 8-inch muzzle¬ 
loading rifle and one 6o-pounder rifle; secondary battery, one 12-pounder rapid-fire gun, one 3-pounder 
breech-loading Howitzer and one Gatling; speed, 8.3 knots; cost, $206,262.93. The keel of this old 
navy vessel was laid in 1862. 


— 88 - 













MINNESOTA—The Minnesota has a displacement of 1,700 tons more than the Pensacola and a 
horse power of 1,000. It is a single screw, wooden cruiser of the old type ana carries nine guns in the 
main battery. The naval militia of Massachusetts have it at their service. Besides being one of the 
largest wooden vessels in the United States navy it has done good service and used to delight the old 
time sailor with its formidable appearance. 


- 89 - 
































SARATOGA—This is a wooden sailing ship with a displacement of 1,025 tons. When not in 
actual service it is used by the Public Marine school of Philadelphia. Sailing ships of this class are 
fast disappearing from the navies of the world, but for training the young apprentice into an able 
bodied man-o’-war’s man there is no better school. In cases of emergency a well ordered, seaworthy 
sailing vessel can be used to great advantage in many instances of strategic maneuvering. *" 

90 — 










ANNAPOLIS—Single screw, composite gunboat; 1,000 tons displacement; length, 168 feet- 
breadth, 36 feet; mean draft, 12 feet; horse power, 1,227; main battery, six 4-inch rapid-fire guns-’ 
secondary battery, four 6-pounder and two i-pounder rapid-fire guns; speed, 12 knots- crew 11 officers 
and 135 men; cost, $230,000. 


— 91 — 















NEW ORLEANS —This fine protected cruiser was purchased by the United States from the 
government of Brazil. It was named by them the “Amazonas,” and was built in England by the 
Armstrongs. The length is 330 feet; breadth, 43.75 feet; mean draft, 17 feet; displacement, 3,600 
tons; horse power, 7,500; speed, 20 knots; coal capacity, 800 tons; armament, six 6-inch and four 
4-inch breech-loaders, two 3-inch field guns, fifteen 6-pounders, eight r-pounders, 4 Maxim automatic 
guns and three torpedo tubes. The deck is protected by armor from 1.2 to 3.5 inches in thickness. 
The crew will number about 350 men. 






— 92 — 


























YALE—The career of the four auxiliary cruisers, St. Paul, St. Louis, Harvard and Yale (late 
Paris), will be especially interesting to the many people who have crossed the Atlantic in them when 
they were merely floating palaces. The Yale, like the Harvard, was built in Clydebank, Scotland, 
and was launched in 1889. Its length is 517 feet; breadth, 63 feet; depth, 22 feet, and the net tonnage 
is 5,408.37, while the gross tonnage is 11,668.70. 


- 93 - 




















ST. LOUIS—The St. Louis is the sister ship to the St. Paul, which will be found on another 
page. It has the same gross tonnage, and a net tonnage of 5,893.73. The appointments of this At¬ 
lantic liner are quite as palatial as the St. Paul, but turning them into ships of war has changed their 
appearance considerably. The two ships were built in 1895 and both in Philadelphia. The length, 
breadth and depth are the same in each case. Both vessels are almost invaluable as auxiliary cruisers' 

— 94 — 


















ST. PAUL— This magnificent Atlantic liner, which has been converted into an auxiliary cruiser is 
of especial interest in consequence of Captain Charles D. Sigsbee, of the ill-fated Maine, being in com¬ 
mand. The St. Paul was built m Philadelphia in 1895 and has a gross tonnage of 11,629.21. The net 
tonnage is 5,874.14- The length of the vessel is 535 feet 5 inches and the breadth 63 feet. Its depth is 
2 feet b inches. I he speed of the St. Paul will enable her to intercept any merchantmen afloat. 

— 95 — 




















STILETTO— Single screw, wooden, torpedo boat; 31 tons displacement; length, 88 feet 6 inches; 
breadth, 11 feet; mean draft, 3 feet; horse power, 359; armament, six rapid-fire guns of small calibre’ 
speed. 1S.2 knots an hour; crew, 1 officer and 5 men; cost, $25,000. The smallest vessel of this class 
in the United States navy. 


96 















STILETTO DISCHARGING A TORPEDO—The torpedo is of the automobile type and 
designed by Captain J. A. Howell, of the United States navy. It is known as the Howell torpedo, and 
the shell is made of hard-rolled brass. The interior parts are of bronze, aluminum-bronze and steel 
The diameter of the torpedo is 14.2 inches, and its extreme length is 10 feet qU inches, with a displace¬ 
ment of 803 pounds, 

— 97 — 








DISCHARGING TORPEDO FROM THE DECK TUBE OF THE STILETTO—The 

weight of the explosive used in the charge is go pounds of wet gun-cotton. The motive power is 
derived from a fly wheel making about 10,000 revolutions a minute and communicated by bevel gears 
to two shafts actuating twin-screws, which causes them to revolve at the rate of 6,000 revolutions a 
minute. A pendulum and a hydrostatic balance actuate a servo-motor connected with a horizontal 
rudder and govern immersion, which is ten feet. The speed for four hundred yards amounts to 
twenty-two knots. 


-98 — 









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,T hls t ls ,. a Photograph of the smart little torpedo boat, taken during a review at 
Roads - Great things may be expected of this small craft if the crew of one officer and five 
f et an opportunity to prove their skillfulness in maneuvering. Full details of the Stiletto, with 

a photograph, will be found on another page. ’ 


— 100 













HOLLAND— A newly invented submarine torpedo boat. Length, 55 feet- diameter 10V feet- 
75 tons displacement; hull made of steel. Motive power, gas engine at surface of water'and motor’ 
run by storage batteries, when boat is submerged. The offensive powers of the Holland are far 
greater than those of any other engine of war, whether ashore or afloat; that is, considering her size 
and methods of attack. The conning tower is the only part exposed when attacking the enemy The 
mechanism is so ingenious and the projectiles so deadly that naval authorities are anxious to see the 
Holland in an engagement. 


— 101 — 















OFF GRANT’S TOMB—The Indiana in the foreground and the New York to the right are both 
in gala dress. The smaller vessel away in the right background is the Dolphin, government dispatch 
boat, which is also decorated. The three vessels are at anchor off Riverside, New York, and Grant’s 
Tomb, which is a patriotic tribute to the famous hero, can be seen rising in all its glory and 
magnificence—a monumental record of a free people’s true appreciation of braveiy and skill. 

—102 - 


_ 













BANCROFT—Twin-screw, steel, gunboat; 832 tons displacement; length, 187 feet 6 inches- 
breadth, 32 teet; mean draft, 11 feet 6 inches; horse power, 1,213; main battery, four 4-inch rapid-fire 
guns; secondary battery, two 6-pounder and two 3-pounder rapid-fire guns, one 1-pounder rapid-fire 
cannon, one 37-millimetre Hotchkiss revolving cannon and one Gatling; speed, 14.3 knots- crew 10 
officers and 120 men; cost, $297,360.17. This is a practice vessel for naval cadets. 

— 103 — 


























LANCASTER—Single screw, wooden cruiser; 3,290 tons displacement; length, 235 feet 8 inches; 
oreadth, 46 feet; horse power, 733; speed, 9.6 knots; main battery, 12 guns. This is one of the old 
navy vessels, the keel having been laid in 1857. Cost, $668,769. 

— 104 — 







RICHMOND—A single screw, wooden ship, with a displacement of 2,700 tons. Horsepower, 
692. This vessel is in service as the receiving ship at League Island. It carries two guns in the main 
battery. The other receiving ships are the Franklin at Norfolk, the Wabash at Boston, the Vermont 
at New York and the Independence at Mare Island. The respective stations, however, may be 
changed during war times. 


105 — 

















ST. MARY’S—The St. Mary’s is of the same tonnage and description as the Saratoga, and is 
used as a school ship by the Public Marine school of New York, when not in actual service. Although 
the main duties aboard the modern warship are very unlike the old time duties aboard vessels of this 
type, all countries realize the advantage of training their seamen on sailing ships, as it lays a foun¬ 
dation that will always be valuable in the making of heroes. 

- 106 - 


























NEW HAMPSHIRE—This fine old wooden sailing ship has a displacement of 4,150 tons, and 
carries six guns in the main battery. It is used by the naval militia at New York. Many an old 
salt used to shake his head in sorrow when he saw such stately craft as this giving way to up-to-date 
armored battleships, but recent events have taught him that his affections must be transferred to the 
armored cruiser and the modern man-o’-war. 


—107 - 
















BROOKLYN IN DRY DOCK—By means of this photograph one can easily sret a correct im¬ 
pression of the peculiar proportions and contour of one of the United States first-class steel twin™ 
screw protected cruisers. This magnificent sea monster is having a few finishinj toShW S 

pahit or send f 'f dUty ’ whlch ma y either crown it with honor without soiling the 

nri U 1 th bottoll \ of an an S r y ocean. The only vessels that can overtake the Brooklyn 

are the triple screw, unarmored cruisers Minneapolis and Columbia, and hostile vessels of this class 
will be more anxious to keep out of range of her guns. essels 01 tills Uass 

—108 — 















IOWA IN DRY DOCK—This picture will enable a contrast to be made between the contour of 
the first-class battleship above and the armored cruiser Brooklyn, which was also photographed in dry 
dock and is reproduced on another page. 



-109 - 























PENSACOLA SALUTING—Naval etiquette is not only extremely picturesque, but it is 
attended to with the utmost care. In times of peace the principal duties of a man-of-war are to exhibit 
strength to foreign nations in as charming a manner and with as much politeness as a diplomat. 

— 110 — 












HOTCHKISS RAPID-FIRE GUN —The i-pounder Hotchkiss rapid-fire gun is made of all steel. 
Weight, 120 pounds; total length, 62 inches; greatest diameter of gun body, 4.72 inches; weight of 
cartridge complete, 1.5 pounds; -weight of shell, 1 pound; weight of charge, 2.8 ounces; initial velocity, 
1,319 feet; range at 40 degrees elevation, 2 }i miles. It is composed of a central tube, jacket and 
locking ring. The twist of rifling is uniform; angle of rifling, 6 degrees; and the number of grooves is 
twelve. 


-Ill — 











MUSTER—Here the ship’s company is mustering for the inspection about to take place. Any 
one having seen this duty aboard a man-of-war will appreciate the charm of discipline, even to the 
smallest detail. The act of mustering is to bring the men together into a group or groups for the 
purpose of inspection. It is also done when special duties are in request. To muster the watch is to 
call the roll of the men in a watch. 


— 113 — 



























PLACING A GUN IN THE TURRET OF A MONITOR—The difficulty of getting eight to 
twelve inch guns in position can be readily imagined by those who have not seen the actual perform¬ 
ance. They are balanced with clock work accuracy, upon which the safety of the vessel largely de¬ 
pends during an engagement. The terrific force of a discharge from one of these weighty monsters 
would be more likely to injure the ship that carries it than the enemy, if it were not for the great 
mathematical precision exercised in placing them. 

- 113 - 




















LOWERING A GUN INTO THE TURRET OF A MONITOR—The above is a photograph of 
the same gun previously shown. Here the mouth of the gun is being gradually worked into the open¬ 
ing prepared for it, where it will belch forth fire and destruction for everything that comes within 
reach of its deadly missiles. The enormous expense of every shot fired from weapons of this kind 
precludes the possibility of very much practice in marksmanship, but recent events have proved that 
the United States navy is not lacking in men who can shoot in dangerous proximity to the bull’s-eye 
even when they fail to hit it. 


-114- 


















READY TO LOWER—The third of the series of photographs showing the process of 
placing large guns aboard a monitor. Having gotten the partly suspended gun at the correct angle 
the order is given to lower it to the sockets and rests prepared, when the greatest difficulty is over¬ 
come and the smaller details are proceeded with. In a very short time the cumbersome weapon is 
working with oily smoothness and fully prepared to spit defiance in the face of any and every enemy 
—excepting submarine mines. 













CAPTAIN AND OFFICERS OF THE ARMORED CRUISER BROOKLYN—Captain F 
A. Cooke, besides having a first-class fighting ship in his charge, is chief of a handsome crew of 515 
men and 46 officers. The lieutenant-commander is N. E. Mason, with Lieutenants H McCrear W 
R. Rush, F. R. Brainard and T. G. Doyle. The surgeon is W. S. Dixon; paymaster, I. G. Hobbs' 
chief engineer, J. D. Ford, and the chaplain is Rev. A. A. McAlister. 

— 116 — 

















THE OFFICERS OF THE CHICAGO—The protected cruiser known as the Chicago makes a 
0 ^ 0 ff T rS a- and W ^ h the 376 men carri ed she has a full complement of fi^htini/ men 
hi n ^ndsome ship Full particulars and photograph of the Chicago which^has a 

J^^ssa.tisa«2. * ,<nM on a ° other paKc ° f ^ « w 


-117- 






















niVTMP QFRVirE ON THE UNITED STATES BATTLESHIP TEXAS—Divine service 
j faboard'a man^of-war is carried on with all the solemnity befitting such an occasion. The men are 
1 I generally good listeners and their robust voices swell the sounds of sacred song in a way that wo 
warm the hearts of the most respectable congregation. 

A - 118 ~ 

Si 





















SHIP’S COMPANY ON THE PROTECTED CRUISER BALTIMfiPP T h» / „ 

quadruped in anything like a presentable condition. cre ' v l ° hold the horned 


- 119 — 


















riTM nFfK _The deck on which the guns are carried is known as the gun deck and is situated 

appurtenances of a gun deck would almost seem to excuse a little dust. 

— 120 — 
















SPAR DECK OF THE PROTECTED CRUISER CHICAGO-The upper deck of the vessel 
is known as the spar deck. This is particularly so in a frigate. The deck, which is continued in 
a straight line from the quarter deck to the forecastle, gives it the name in consequence of spare spars 
usuaih- bemg placed there Sometimes, however, a light deck which is fitted over the^wer d e Tk is 

aboard a man-S!w S ar! r ‘ hC I>hot ° grai)h itself clearl y shows what is known as the spar deck 


— 121 — 

























GUNNERY PRACTICE ON A UNITED STATES TRAINING SHIP—The use of enormous] 
guns aboard battleships does not consist of merely “spotting” a target and “letting fly.” The' 
science of gunnery consists of a special knowledge of atmospheric resistance, the velocity of projectiles, 
the range and effect, according to form and size of guns and projectiles, size and quality of charge, 
and a correct estimate of elevation. A good marksman is of necessity a scientist; and even more 
exactness is required than in handling the tenderest fowling-piece. 

— 122 — 















RALLY ON THE FLAG This is how the boys are trained aboard ship to rally around the stars 
and stripes in time of danger, but modern warfare seldom reaches a hand to hand conflict as denicted* 
above. The rallying point is oftentimes the winning stage in a fight. Probably the struggle has been, 
fast and furious, and the fighters are scattered and breathless. Then, suddenly, the standard is 
wayed aloft, the sign is given, and every man concentrates his energies in defense of the flag which 
after this final struggle, shall either wave in victory or be trampled on by the victors. 

- 123- 


* 



















SWORD PRACTICE ON THE MAINE—Some of the boys on the Maine were very skillful 
with the weapons, and the survivors of the unlooked-for destruction of the battleship will probably 

draw a simile from the words of Cowper: 

“No skill in swordsmanship, however just, 

Can be secure against a madman’s thrust." . . 

So with the loss of the Maine. It was not destroyed in fair fight, but by the mad act of a criminal. 

— 124 — 















, REVOLVER PRACTICE ABOARD THE MAINE—One of the most popular drills aboard 
the Maine was firing at a target with the new model navy revolvers. One rank kneels to fire, while 
the rank behind fires over the heads of those in front. When a detachment of sailors is sent ashore to 
do guard duty, a mob of excited people can be easily repulsed by a score of Jack Tars armed with 
serviceable revolvers. For actual service aboard ship they are of little if any value but to protect 
a consulate or other similar duties ashore they are quite indispensable, 

— 125 — 

















OFFICERS OF THE DOLPHIN—The officers of the dispatch boat Dolphin have a mascot in 
the shape of an animal that has been the pet of sailors from time immemorial. A mischievous monkey 
aboard ship is always a source of fun for the average seafaring man, and maybe the monkey in the 
picture gets as much fun out of the sailors. Nautical expressions frequently consist of names that 
honor the Simian tribes, such as monkey-boat, monkey-block, monkey-gaff, monkey-rail, etc. 

— 126 — 



















OFFICERS OF THE ATLANTA—The protected cruiser Atlanta carries 265 men, which the 
officers shown above are anxious to lead to the victory which every man is willing to spend his life’s 
blood for, fighting in the cause of humanity and with the talismanic battle cry ■ Remember the 
Maine.” J 

— 127 — 

















APPRENTICES—This is the material that is trained to make naval heroes, and the smiling 
group shown above is a fair type of all the apprentices aboard American warships. The photograph 
was taken on the Brooklyn. 


— 128 — 



























APPRENTICES ON BOARD THE ATLANTA—During apprenticeship aboard a man-of-war 
the boys are either molded into good ^seamen or taught that a seafaring life is not suited to them. 
It is not always an easy life by any means, but a healthy boy gets a large amount of fun out of it' 

—129 — 
















QUARTERS—This is a representative picture of a regular duty aboard every man-of-war. The 
boy to the right is sounding on his drum the last call to quarters, and every man is at his post with 
“attention” plainly depicted on every feature. Anything in the way of untidiness seldom escapes the 
disciplinary gaze of the inspectors who set an example of neatness that must be strictly followed. 
With spotlessly clean decks, highly polished rails, white painted fixtures shining in the sunlight, the 
marines in full uniform and the nimble Jack Tars in full dress, inspection aboard a battleship is a 
never forgotten picture. 

- 130 - 





















QUARTERS—Another view of quarters aboard ship. Each company is subject to independent 
control, yet the uniformity of the whole crew during the drill is particularly interest-'ng to the 
onlooker. To be more specific, quarters means the proper stations of officers and crew on board a 
man-of-war when it is in battle, in exercise, or during inspection. 

— 131 — 










FORECASTLE OF THE PROTECTED CRUISER BOSTON—The gun crews are at their 
posts, the officers are on the alert, the lookout men are stationed aloft, the guns are ready to fire— 
every one aboard is prepared for an emergency. An attack from a torpedo boat is expected, and the 
lookout is as keen as ever it can be, as so much depends upon sighting the enemy in time to intercept 
him with a shot, lest the terror of battleships creep up, do its deadly work, and steal away without 
a scratch. 


— 132 — 



























TURRET—These are thirteen-inch guns in a turret of the first-class battleship 
I ftlficph tf Th nea ?? s , ai ! d Cleanliness that are compulsory aboard a battleship are in no part 
Situated Nr!' ® xem P’ lfied than in the turrets where the monster instruments of destruction are 
situated. Not only does the machinery work with clock-like accuracy, but it is kept as clean as a watch. 

— 133 — 





QUARTERS—This means the respective stations of a ship’s company in time of exercise or action. 
It is a duty that is strictly attended to aboard United States warships. In the scene depicted above the 
ship’s crew have just assembled for inspection. 

—134 — 

















MARINE GUARD OF THE ENTERPRISE —It was about two centuries ago that a body Of 
marines was first instituted. Experience had taught the naval authorities in England that it would 
be very desirable to have a body of men, trained to do duty ashore, at the service of the fleet in 
aggressive movements; and the sea-soldiers have been increasing in favor ever since. The regular 
Jack Tar whose duty is afloat all the time is not so fitted for movements on land as the sea-soldier 
who has received a sound military training. Hence the marines have become of great account. 

— 135 - 



























SHIP’S COMPANY—The ship's company of a first-class modern battleship is generally repre¬ 
sentative of the best brain and muscle to be found anywhere on the face of the earth. In addition to 
this, discipline, hardships and health combine to make these men the most companionable, generous 
hearted fellows imaginable. There is no room for meanness or snobbishness in a ship’s company. If 
a young man with any such weakness gets aboard he either quits the weakness or else the ship. The 
brave fellows aboard ship have a more humanizing influence than all the life of all the cities in Chris¬ 
tendom. 


— 136 — 


















SINGING SCHOOL ON THE NEW HAMPSHIRE—With the masters keeping strict order 
and the singing instructor in full control; with the boys in their duck suits and the decks of the old 

TOccoi g Ticf P ®P otless ’y. clea °' ° ne can cheerfully imagine himself among the apprentices on board this 
vessel, listening to their robust voices as they combine in a volume of melody which makes the timbers 

EK phy “ C “ action 

— 137 - 















SHIP’S COMPANY AT QUARTERS—The inspections aboard ship are as strictly formal and 
orderly as the most magnificent reviews held anywhere. At quarters every man must appear at his 
best, and the American sailor has well earned a character for smartness. When this photograph 
was taken the officers permitted the whole ship’s company to face about for the picture. 

— 138 — 
















MORNING INSPECTION—With the sailors and the marines lined up at each side of the ship 
the inspecting officer walks up and down in front of the men, gives his instructions, passes comment, 
and, without any apparent examination, takes in at a glance any little defect or negligence that the 
average landsman would not discover with a microscope. Some people may, at times, be disposed to 
criticise the severity of the discipline aboard ship, but the best disciplined man makes the best 
master, and all our naval officers have been through a course of it, 

— 139 - 

























FIRE ROOM OF A UNITED STATES MONITOR—There is probably no more trying 
situation aboard ship than duty in the fire room. The heat is always very severe, even in the best 
ventilated ships of the navy, and it is seldom that the men on duty can wear any covering on the 
upper part of their bodies. v 


-140 — 












MACHINE SHOP ON THE NEW YORK—The machine shop of a modern man-of-war not 
only i equires the attention of clever mechanics, but the intricacies and mass of mechanical contrivances 
are enough to develop a genius. There is no machine shop on land where better work is done and 
there are very few better mechanics than the average man aboard a battleship. It is needless to add 
that the very best tools and the most modern contrivances are in constant use, while the appointments 
are as near perfection as possible. 11 


— 141 — 



















MARINE GUARD OF THE COLUMBIA— Vessels of the Columbia type are specially fitted to 
overhaul and destroy the merchant vessels of an enemy and tc keep out of the way of armored cruisers 
and battleships. Their great speed enables them to do this, although their fighting power is superior 
to that of armed merchant liners when in use as auxiliary cruisers. A smart body of marines like the 
above are found to be almost indispensable aboard such vessels. They' get a considerable knowledge 
of navigation, and could even be trusted, at times, to navigate a prize into port almost as readily as 
our much beloved Jack Tars. 


— 142 — 




















MARINES—These men are from the Brooklyn, which is moored alongside. They are forming 
a column of sections, known as company drill. No opportunity for land drills is missed when a ship 
is in harbor. ' F 

—143 - 


















EIGHT-INCH RIFLE PRACTICE—Everything is ready for the marksman, whose sign is 
awaited with silent attention. As soon as he has satisfied himself that all is well, he either motions 
with his hand or speaks the word that sends the 250-pound projectile to its destination. The shell of 
an 8-inch breech-loading rifle will perforate steel of 15.51 inches thickness at the muzzle, and 12.36 
inches thick at 1,500 yards. 


144 — 




















EIGHT-INCH RIFLE AND CREW ABOARD THE COLUMBIA—In less seconds than 
there are men m this picture every member of the crew could be at his post readv for a shot to be 
fired. During an engagement gun crews are so occupied with the various duties'm connection with 
their own particular guns that they oftentimes remain ignorant of the damage done to either side in 
fight, until a halt is cried, when it may happen that they will even discover wounds on themselves 
which were unnoticed during the excitement of strict attention to duty. 

— 145 — 
















BREECH-LOADING RIFLE—The 8-inch breech-loading rifle has a weight of 13.i tons; total 
length, 25.4 feet; greatest diameter, 28.75 inches; total length of bore, 290.5 inches; number of 
grooves, 32; weight of charge, 105 to 115 pounds of brown prismatic powder; weight of projectile, 250 
pounds. The thickness of steel which the shell will perforate at the muzzle of the gun is 15.51 inches, 
and at 1,500 yards, 12.36 inches. 


— 146 - 















TWELVE-INCH BREECH-LOADING RIFLE—The photograph shows the gun mounted on 
shore for the purpose of testing. The weight of one shot from this weapon is 850 pounds. Guns of 
this description are built upon the principles of varying elasticity and initial tension, and are composed 
of a tube, jacket hoops, chase hoops and locking hoops. 

-147 — 



SIX-INCH GUN AND CREW—ft must not be supposed that these men have grasped the things 
that first came to hand. Each one is so trained that before the officer has finished the word of command 
he has taken his position as indicated in the photograph. There was no posing for this photograph. 
It was merely a matter of seconds. Each gun has its own crew and each member of the crew has his 
stated duty. The marksman is the main factor, and the other members of the crew attend to their 
respective details like the smaller wheels of a clock. 

—148 — 






GUNNERS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS—So long as the warships of the United States are 
manned by seamen like the above the country has very little to fear except from submarine mines and 
overwhelming odds. The Massachusetts is one of the finest of the first-class battleships and carries 

° f g uns - lncIudln R four giant 13-inch. The men in the group here shown are fair 
representatives of the crew of 441 in addition to 32 officers. 


- 149 - 













MARINE GUARD OF THE BROOKLYN—The kneeling position of the men is a phase of 
marine guard drill which is very frequently of great value in actual warfare. 

— 150 — 







UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS—A finer body of men could not be wished for, either 
aboard ship or field maneuvering. Colonel Charles Heywood is the commandant. 

- 151 — 


















SIX-INCH BREECH-LOADING RIFLE ON UPPER DECK OF MASSACHUSETTS— 

Weight, 4.8 tons; total length, 16.3 feet; greatest diameter of gun body, 20.5 inches; total length ot 
bore, 183.75 inches; number of grooves, 24; weight of charge, 44 to 47 pounds of brown prismatic 
powder - weight of projectile, 100 pounds; muzzle velocity, 2,080 feet per second, thickness ot steel 
which shell will perforate at 1,500 yards, 7.57 inches; range at 40 degrees elevation, b '/ 9 miles, 

—152 — 






















PIVOT GUN DRILL—As the name indicates, the pivot gun is a gun mounted on a pivot or 
revolving carriage, so as to turn in any direction. The gunners can take aim and change it instantly, 
sweeping the piece in all directions and covering any kind of enemy, from a torpedo boat to a battle¬ 
ship. Pivot guns are usually mounted on a ship’s upper deck, or in an elevated position, so that the 
sweep may be enlarged and suspicious moving objects can be covered and kept in check from fear of 
the searching fire of these small guns. 


— 153 — 






















OFFICERS OF THE YORKTOWN—The steel gunboat Yorktown carries a complement of 
192 men and officers. Full particulars of the vessel, with photograph, will be found on another page. 

—154 — 



















CAPTAIN B. H. McCALLA AND OFFICERS—Captain McCalla is the commander of the 
cruiser Marblehead. The lieutenants are j. A. H. Nickels, W. H. Schuetze, C. S. Ripley and E. A. 
Anderson. The chief engineer is G. S. Willits. 


—155 — 





























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STATE ROOM —This is a photograph of the state room of Lieuten¬ 
ant-Commander A. Marix, on the Maine. Like every other part of the 
handsome ship, the appointments and furnishings were all that could be 
desired. 





















STATE ROOM ON THE MAINE—This is another of the cozy 
state rooms on the battleship Maine. The occupants are the captain of 
marines, the surgeon and a visitor. 


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RAPID-FIRE AMMUNITION—The rapid-fire gun ammunition is here presented in sections which show 
the inner construction of the shells and their contents. The cartridge cases are composed of brass or copper 
and known as metallic ammunition. No. 5, lying lengthwise, shows the construction of a cartridge with a total 
weight of 96 pounds. The solid brass case weighs iS pounds; the steel shell, 50 pounds, and the powder charge 
is 28 pounds. Then there are the cap and fuse. 


- 162 - 



















GATLING GUN IN ACTION- The gun consists of ten barrels grouped around a central shaft. 
The barrels are revolved and cartridges loaded, fired and extracted by turning a crank which actuates 
the mechanism. The regular service small arm cartridge is used for ammunition. The number of car¬ 
tridges that can be fired is about 1,000 a minute. Like the monitor, the Gatling gun was first used in 
the civil war. It is practically the pioneer of machine guns that are thought so much of at the 
present day. 


— 163 — 










FNGINES OF THE MAINE—Like everything else in the construction of the battleship 
Maine the engines were of the very best material and manufacture, and of the most powerful anc 
approved capacity. Even to the smallest screw the entire ship was the result of home industry and 
the nation was fully justified in the pride they took in the %'essel. Ihe engines were ot the vertical 
triple expansion type. 



164 — 





















ENdNES ° F THE P R 9 TECTED CRUISER SAN FR ANCISCO-Unlike those of 
the Maine, the engines ot the San Francisco are horizontal triple expansion instead of vertical 

Wlth S De e ?°? ptl ° n (the Puritan - which has horizontal compound engines) 
all the United States warships of the first class have vertical triple expansion engines. 

—165 - 












FIRING A PIVOT GUN—The above picture shows in fuller detail the pivot gun which is 
described on another page, and which many naval authorities place very great reliance upon. The 
pivot gun is not necessarily of a special construction, as the appurtenances give it the character named. 
Pivot gearing having been applied, the gun is then conveniently known as the pivot gun. The gear¬ 
ing is devised to allow the shifting of the axis of the driver so that the machine can be set in any 
desired direction. 


— 166 — 
















q ,m-;^ EADY F ® R A CTI0 N —H ere 1S shown the deck of the protected cruiser Atlanta, cleared for 
action a scene that American sailors are getting familiar with since the trouble with Spain. Ropes 
spars, awnings, ship s boats, and everything that is likely to retard rapid movements, obstruct the 

' nconvenieat are put away in recesses or nooks and comers prepared for 
andthe battlesh JP wear s the grim aspect of being ready for action, bristling with deadly 
cannon, stored with ammunition, and attended to by determined and fearless men. 

— 167- 




























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FIGHTING CROW’S NEST—On board the Atlanta. As will be 
seen by the photograph, the crow’s nest is a box or perch near the top of 
the mast. It is mainly for lookout purposes, and a very dangerous posi¬ 
tion during an engagement. 




























































MANNING THE YARDS—The vessel in the foreground is the protected cruiser Boston, which 
is fully described with the photograph on another page. The picture presents a naval display during 
the Washington centennial celebrations in New York. “To man the yards” is to station men on the 
yards of a ship as shown above, and it is done as a mark of respect or salute. With yards manned 
and bunting displayed a fleet of ships makes an exceedingly pretty picture on a fine day. 

— 170 — 
















ATLANTA SALUTING WITH YARDS MANNED—The positions the men are in are not 

always conducive to ease and comfort, but the act of manning the yards is unquestionably one of the 
prettiest of naval courtesies. Technically, the yards of a ship are long, cylindrical spars tapering 
toward the ends. They are slung crosswise to a mast and generally used to suspend square or lateen 
sails from, according to the angle at which the yards are placed. Lower yards, as well as topsail 
yards, are frequently made of iron. 


— 171 — 













BATTERY DECK OF THE ATLANTA—All the leading United States men-of-war have two 
batteries, the main battery generally carrying fewer and larger guns. The grim and grimy aspect of 
a battery deck in time of action is a sight that is not easily forgotten. The wonder is that men so 
often keep cooler in the business of killing their fellow-men than they do when nursing the average 
baby. But then the latter is a harder duty. 


- 172 - 










BERTH DECK OF THE CRUISER ATLANTA—There is little, if any, difference between 
the berth deck of this boat and the others built about the same period (1883), but for an unarmored 
cruiser, the dimensions of which will be found with the photograph of the boat on another page, it is 
well appointed and spacious. 


- 173 - 









AT A NAVAL REVIEW—The view presents New York harbor crowded with tugs, ferryboats, 
sailing: craft, small launches, railroad transports, barges, rowboats, and a vast variety of vessels 
screaming and screeching in honor of the fleet, deafening the ears of sightseers with a multitude of 
unearthly toned steam whistles, turning the very atmosphere blue with fright startling the swift 
winged sea gulls into transatlantic flights, and making the unwary visitor tremble when he thought¬ 
lessly closes his eyes and fancies the Furies with all their courtly followers have escaped through the 
portals of eternal torment. But it is nothing more than an American cheer for dear old Uncle bam. 

— 174 — 



















HEAD ON—This photograph of the Brooklyn, “head on,” in conjunction with the photograph 
and particulars on another page, will hslp to illustrate the beautiful contour of this fine armored 
cruiser. By “head on” is meant that the vessel has its head in a right line toward some object. Thus 
when steaming straight for the most formidable ship of an escaping fleet, the broadside guns are free 
to sweep the seas of intercepting craft. 


— 175 — 














AT LEAGUE ISLAND NAVY YARD—The vessels shown in the picture are United States 
monitors and receiving ships. 










UNDER FIRE In this photograph the squadron is shown under fire of a 15-inch gun. The 
enormous projectile from such a weapon is sufficient to sink any ship afloat if the shot get to a vital 
part. 


— 177 — 








IN THE STOCKS—The vessel is the first-class battleship Iowa, which is fully described with the 
photograph on another page. A large number of people had come to witness the launching, and the 
photograph was taken just before the vessel left the stocks. The timber built up on each side of the 
ship is for the bilgeways to slide on when the launching takes place. The whole frame of timbers, 
etc.. upon which the ship rests while building, is known as the stocks. 

- 178 - 























BATTLESHIP IOWA—The view here presented was taken from the shore, immediately after 
the Iowa left the stocks. Practically, the only part of a vessel that is complete when the launching 
takes place is the hull. Furniture, fittings and armaments all have to be added when the hull is 
afloat, but the foundation is there and a complete battleship is soon made of it 

-179— i 

I. 

i 




























ADMIRAL’S CABIN—This is from a photograph taken aboard the protected cruiser Chicago. 

—180 — 
















CAPTAIN’S CABIN—From a photograph of the captain’s cabin on the cruiser Baltimore. 

- 181 — 

















CADETS STUDYING_This photograph was taken aboard one of the United States training 

shins and illustrates a very common scene. The training received by the naval cadets of the United 
States will compare favorably with any outside the country. After an examination they are nominated 
for admission to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis by the President or a member of 
Ccnsrress The French meaning of “cadet” is “a younger son,” and the present application of the 
word arises from the French custom of providing for the younger sons of the nobility by securing 
commissions for them in the army or navy of France. 

— 182 — 







Although the demands upon the^^tmg md^plkSg^apabhhmPof^^^^ 3 TRAINING SHIP- 
days of frigates, these two important fuad^S are ? Qt S °, gF ? at as in the 

average seafaring man is famous for his ready andpractSl kno^d^^f^ USt need ,? - lea ?- The 
splice, the long-splice, the round-splice, and the ring splice Sil fff ° f , the ey !' s P llce - the short - 
a step in which he shows his skill in making a bowline knot nr / fi spring to knotting is but 
a matrimonial knot sometimes, unless he prefefs to get spliced ihstead oTkn^tted 8 ’ eVen 

— 183 — 






pate de foie gras. 


— 184 — 











SPINNING A YARN—The day is past when a crowd would congregate around any old salt and 
listen with open-mouthed wonder to the many plausible and oftentimes improbable yarns that only an 
old salt could tell, but even now one occasionally meets a representative of the old school who is enter¬ 
taining and whose imagination is pardoned when the narrative is good. 

— 185 — 











LEARNING TO SIGNAL—Wigwag signaling, as it is called, is one of the first duties a sailor 
must be posted in. A small white flag is held in the hand and waved vertically or horizontally as 
occasion demands. Each motion has its separate meaning, and, with the aid of powerful glasses, 
ships are able to communicate with each other when miles apart. The importance of this signaling is 
incalculable, particularly when the enemy is able to intercept other means of communication. 

— 186 — 


i £ ■■ 









BERTH DECK COOKS—Whether or not the sailors aboard ship get any additional gastronomic 
delights if they keep on the "right side” of the cooks, it may be a breach of confidence to say, but the 
fact remains that the chef de cuisine and his satellites are mostly in "good odor” outside as well as 
inside the kitchen, 


—187 —• 












WARD ROOM OFFICERS AT MESS—The state-rooms on the starboard side of a ship are 
occupied by line-officers, while staff-officers use the state-rooms on the port side. Line-officers 
comprise admirals down to midshipmen. They are combatant officers as distinguished from officers 
of the staff, who are known as non-combatants. 


- 188- 















WARD-ROOM ON THE CRUISER CHICAGO—A ward-room is an apartment on the after 
end of the lower gun deck of a ship of war, usually occupied as a mess-room by the commissioned 
officers, except the captain. 


- 189 — 
















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STORING HAMMOCKS AT SEA—During the daytime the hammocks are mostly stowed away 
m troughs or boxes constructed on the top of the bulwarks of the spar deck. The hammocks on board 
a man-of-war are made of canvas. At each end there are a number of cords which are called clues. 
These are brought together and fastened to an iron ring which tne sailor hangs on one of the hooks 
fastened to the deck beams when he wants to use it. The nautical expression for this is slinging 
a hammock.” In the photograph all the hammocks are “lashed,” which is always done before they 
are stowed. 


-190 - 




























POLISHING i HE FITTINGS—The daily round of duties on a battleship are considerablv 
greater than many people suppose. Even if a crew does number four hundred or more idleness has 
no opportunity. The above photograph merely depicts an everyday scene where hundreds of men 
are busy at their respective work, polishing brass work, washing paint, cleaning rails coilinerone 
stowing hammocks, and doing the hundred and one other things demanded. The first impression 
a novice gets of a scene like this is that chaos reigns supreme, but out of apparent chaos comes the 
most perfect order conceivable. No two men clash in their duties. 

— 191— . 















CHIP’S COMPANY OF THE ARMORED CRUISER NEW YORK-A ship’s company prop¬ 
erly comprises all the men and officers of a ship. It will be seen, therefore, that the group above is 
only a small part of the New York’s complement. 

- 192 — 























CHIEF PETTY OFFICERS OF THE NEW YORK—There is not one of these men who has 
not had sufficient experience to teach the Spaniards a trick or two, and they are all anxious for the 
opportunity to shout, “Remember the Maine!” into the ears of countless belligerent dons. 

— 193 — 













BATTALION DRILL—The famous Turenne is credited with saying that “God is on the side of 
the largest battalions.” But here are a few small battalions of men who can be credited with not only 
fine physique but a willingness to whip a great many larger battalions of Spanish soldiers. 

— 194 — 



















MARINES FROM THE BROOKLYN—When the word “Fire!” is given, every man assumes 
the attitude shown in the photograph, and a small body of men thus scattered can bring about some 
very effective “dropping” in the ranks of an enemy—particularly if the enemy comes from the Iberian 
peninsular. 


-195- 


























TORPEDO TUBE—One of the four torpedo tubes aboard the Maine. Every modern 
battleship is furnished with tubes of this description for the purpose of launching torpedoes while in 
action. The torpedo in this tube was exploded by the force of the concussion from the mine which 

destroyed the ship. 


- 196 - 
















TORPEDO GUN AND GUNNERS ON THE MAINE—These instruments of destruction 
have to be watched with unceasing vigilance. There is always a larger element ol danger about 
them than about the ordinary weapons of warfare; and the brave fellows in the picture were all 
sacrificed in the second explosion which followed the upward blow from the mine that destroyed the 
battleship. 

— 197 — 

















NAVAL MILITIA AT WASHINGTON—In time of war the duty of the Naval Militia is to 
man the coast and harbor defense vessels, and leave the regular force free to carry on offensive 
operations at sea. They are also expected to operate in boat squadrons with torpedoes against any 
hostile fleet in our waters. 


- 198- 














MARINE GUARD OF THE MAINE—The marines aboard the Maine were a particularly 
smart body of men, who were a credit to the service wherever duty placed them. Both m the United 
States and Great Britain the marines wear uniforms very similar to those worn by the respective 
infantries of the line. 


— 199 — 














BACHELORS’ GLEE CLUB ON THE MAINE—Some of this happy group perished with the 
Maine and in place of their cheerful songs the murky waters of Havana harbor float over what remains 
of the deck of their beloved battleship. The glee club of the Maine earned considerable popularity by 
their nautical songs, which were never wanting to cheer the sailor’s heart. With one exception they 
were all young men that composed this bachelors’ club. Besides excellent instrumental music, they 
were always in request among both officers and men to sing the songs for which they were famous. 

— 200 — 












QUARTER DECK OF THE MAINE— The quarter deck is especially a privileged promenade, 
and seldom used by any but the officers and cabin passengers. The place of honor on the quarter deck 
is the windward side, which is toward the direction of the wind. Sometimes a naval officer who may 
be more remarkable for etiquette than a knowledge of seamanship is spoken of by the sarcastic title 
of “quarter-decker,” On the Maine, however, it is well known that none deserved that appellation, 

201 — 












NEWARK_This is a broadside view of the Newark with the Baltimore appearing to the r 'ght 

of the picture. These vessels are in gala dress and were in the Hampton Roads when photographed. 
The Newark, which is fully described with the photograph on another page, is bark rigged and can 
spread 10,000 feet of canvas, if need be. The Baltimore, however, has only two small military masts. 
Both vessels are about the same size, but present a very different appearance, 

-202 — 






















SAN FRANCISCO—The above vessel which is here presented in gala dress is fully described 
with the photograph on another page. The keel of the San Francisco was laid in 1888. Her engines 
are twin-screw, horizontal triple expansion, and with a speed of nearly 20 knots an hour she is 
exceptionally efficient as a commerce destroyer. The normal coal supply is 350 tons; the bunker 
capacity is 628 tons; and she carries the large maximum of six torpedo tubes. 

- 203 — 




















ENGINES OF THE NEW YORK—The armored cruiser New York, which is fully described 
on another page, has engines of the vertical triple expansion type as shown above. 

- 204 — 











PROPELLERS OF THE NEW YORK—This photograph was taken specially to illustrate 
twin-screw propellers, which are the chief means of propulsion for most of the United States warships. 

- 205 — 















GLTN DECK OF THE CRUISER CHICAGO—The protected cruiser Chicago is greatly im¬ 
proved since it underwent repairs, and, although the keel was laid in 1883, the vessel is fitted and pre¬ 
pared to face the best cruiser Spain can send against it. 

- 206 - 






















GUN DECK OF OLD MAN-OF-WAR—The comparison between this and the gun deck of 
a modern warship will be very instructive to any one interested in the progress of the United States 
navy. 


-207 — 










IN HAMMOCKS—This group of swinging couches was photographed aboard the Massachusetts. 
The attitudes the men sleep in are frequently more comfortable than graceful, but for convenience 
and health there are no berths aboard ship to beat these acrobatic resting places. 

— 208 — 











GUN OF PROTECTED CRUISER BOSTON—The Boston, which is fully described with 
photograph on another page, does not carry so many guns as some of the unarmored steel vessels, but 
the two batteries of eighteen guns in all, ranging from 8-inch breech-loading rifles to the inevitable 
Gatling, make the vessel sufficiently formidable to menace the best of the Spanish ships of war. 

-209 - 



























IN GALA DRESS—A photograph of the battleship Massachusetts, as it appeared on the Fourth 
of July decorated in honor of the occasion. Every battleship has a supply of the flags of all nations 
besides a full collection of American flags ranging from Old Glory to the modest fUig: of: peace.and 
a very short space of time the sailors can make a ship look gay with bunting no matter whethei it 
for international courtesies or annual celebrations of domestic triumphs. 

— 210 - 



















FIELD PRACTICE—The training of marines gives them a great many advantages over the 
ordinary soldier whose duty is wholly ashore. Sea soldiers, as the marines are called, are a body of 
troops trained to do duty in the navy. When in port they never miss an opportunity for field prac¬ 
tice, which keeps them in trim for their varied duties in time of war. In all countries the marines 
have been found of inestimable value, and they have the reputation of being always useful and brave 
fighters, no matter whether they are ashore or afloat. 

— 211 — 










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